Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
The cerebellum , the second-largest part of the brain The cerebellum is posterior to the medulla and pons & inferior to the posterior portion of the cerebrum
In superior /inferior views, the shape of the cerebellum is somewhat like a butterfly The central constricted area is the vermis The lateral is cerebellar hemispheres
The cortex of the vermis influences the movements of the long axis of the body, namely, the neck, the shoulders, the thorax, the abdomen, and the hips. Intermediate zone of the cerebellar hemisphere to control the muscles of the distal parts of the limbs, especially the hands and feet. The lateral zone of each cerebellar hemisphere appears to be concerned with the planning of sequential movements of the entire body and is involved with the conscious assessment of movement errors The flocculonodular lobe is the simplest part of the cerebellum and helps control balance and eye movements.
A deep groove known as the horizontal fissure Each hemispheres consists of lobes : - Anterior lobe& Posterior Govern subconcious aspect of skeletal muscle movements - Flocculonodular lobe contributes to equilibrium & balance
Have 2 part : - superfisial layer cerebellar cortex (gray matter) - deep layer white matter
. The cerebellar cortex has ridges called folia. The white matter of the medulla resembles a branching tree and is called the arbor vitae.
The nuclei of the cerebellum are located in the deep inferior center of the white matter
Intracerebellar nuclei
Four masses of gray matter are embedded in the white matter of the cerebellum on each side of the midline From lateral to medial, these nuclei are the dentate, the emboliform, the globose, and the fastigial.
Intracerebellar nuclei
Fibers from the dentate, emboliform, and globose nuclei leave the cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncle. Fibers from the fastigial nucleus leave through the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
There is a small amount of white matter in the vermis; it closely resembles the trunk and branches of a tree and thus is termed the arbor vitae.
Do not leave the cerebellum but connect different regions of the organ. Some interconnect folia of the cerebellar cortex and vermis on the same side; others connect the two cerebellar hemispheres together.
form the greater part of the white matter and proceed to the cerebellar cortex. They enter the cerebellum mainly through the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles.
Efferent fibers
constitute the output of the cerebellum The axons of the neurons then leave the cerebellum
Climbing fibers
Purkinje fibers
Mossy fibers
The climbing fibers are the terminal fibers of the olivocerebellar tracts They are so named because they ascend through the layers of the cortex like a vine on a tree. They pass through the granular layer of the cortex and terminate in the molecular layer by dividing repeatedly. Each climbing fiber wraps around and makes a large number of synaptic contacts with the dendrites of a Purkinje cell
A single Purkinje neuron makes synaptic contact with only one climbing fiber.
A single mossy fiber may stimulate thousands of Purkinje cells through the granule cells
Pharmacologic research has suggested that the excitatory climbing and mossy afferent fibers use glutamate (gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) as the excitatory transmitter on the dendrites of the Purkinje cells. Further research has indicated that other afferent fibers entering the cortex liberate norepinephrine and serotonin at their endings that possibly modify the action of the glutamate on the Purkinje cells.
Vestibulocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
concerned with coordinating the activities of the limb musculature connects with the interposed nucleus (the globose and emboliform)
Neo- or cerebrocerebellum
involved with the overall coordination of voluntary motor activities and is also involved in motor planning connects to the dentate nucleus.
Pathway 1)Corticopontocerebellar
Function Conveys control from cerebral cortex Conveys control from cerebral cortex
Origin Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes Sensorimotor areas
Destination Via pontine nuclei and mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex Via inferior olivary nuclei and climbing fibers to cerebellar cortex Via reticular formation
2)Cerebro-olivocerebellar
Pathway
4)Anterior spinocerebellar
Function
Conveys information from muscles and joints
Origin
Muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint receptors
Destination
Via mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex
5)Posterior spinocerebellar
6) Cuneocerebellar
Pathway
7)Vestibular nerve
Function
Origin
Destination
Via mossy fibers to cortex of flocculonodular lobe Cerebellar cortex
Conveys Utricle, information of saccule, head position and and semicircul movement ar canals Conveys Red nucleus, information tectum from midbrain
8)Other afferents
Pathway Globoseemboliformrubral
Destination To contralateral red nucleus, then via crossed rubrospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons in spinal cord To contralateral ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus, then to contralateral motor cerebral cortex; corticospinal tract crosses midline and controls ipsilateral motor neurons in spinal cord
Dentothalamic
Dentate nucleus
Destination Mainly to ipsilateral and to contralateral lateral vestibular nuclei; vestibulospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons in spinal cord To neurons of reticular formation; reticulospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons to spinal cord
Fastigial reticular
Note that each cerebellar hemisphere influences the voluntary muscle tone on the same side of the body.
Cerebellar Peduncles
The cerebellum is linked to other parts of the central nervous system by numerous efferent and afferent fibers that are grouped together on each side into three large bundles, or peduncles. The superior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain The middle cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the pons The inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata.