Harmayetty Moenaf

Smooth muscle cell Molecules

2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules

Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Cardiovascular system

Heart Blood vessels

Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues

Blood vessel (organ)

6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems

5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
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Figure 1.1

Anatomy sel
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Sel terbagi atas 3 :

Nucleus

Cytoplasm
Membrane plasma

The Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains genetic material (DNA)

Three regions
Nuclear membrane Nucleolus Chromatin
Figure 3.1b
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plasma Membrane
Barrier for cell contents
Double phospholipid layer (fat water)
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails

Other materials in plasma membrane

Protein Cholesterol

Glycoproteins
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Plasma Membrane

Figure 3.2
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plasma Membrane Specializations

Microvilli
Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption
Small intestine and nephrons of kidney

Cytoplasm
Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
Cytoso

Organelles
Inclusions

Cytoplasmic Organelles

Figure 3.4
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles
Ribosomes
Made of protein and RNA Sites of protein synthesis Found at two locations Free in the cytoplasm

Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoplasmic Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

Two types of ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Studded with ribosomes Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

Cytoplasmic Organelles
Golgi apparatus
Modifies and packages proteins

Cytoplasmic Organelles

Cytoplasmic Organelles
Lysosomes
Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell

Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes Detoxify harmful substances

Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

Replicate by pinching in half
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles
Mitochondria
Powerhouses of the cell

Change shape continuously

Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food Provides ATP for cellular energy

Cytoplasmic Organelles

Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
Provides the cell with an internal framework

Cell Life Cycle

Cells have two major periods
Interphase Cell grows Cell carries on metabolic processes Cell division Cell replicates itself Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 3.31

DNA Replication
Genetic material duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells

Occurs toward the end of interphase

DNA uncoils and each side serves as a template
Figure 3.13
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 3.32

Events of Cell Division

Mitosis
Division of the nucleus
Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei

Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm

Begins when mitosis is near completion

Results in the formation of two daughter cells
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 3.33

Stages of Mitosis

Figure 3.14; 1

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 3.36a

Stages of Mitosis

Figure 3.14; 2

PROSES PEMBELAHAN SEL

 Integumentary

system

Forms the external body covering Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D

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 Skeletal

system

Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments Protects and supports body organs Provides the framework for muscles Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals

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 Muscular

system

Composed of muscles and tendons Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat

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 Nervous

system

Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves Is the fast-acting control system of the body Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

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 Cardiovascular

system

Composed of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body

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 Lymphatic

system

Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream Houses white blood cells involved with immunity

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 Respiratory

system

Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

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 Digestive

system

Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

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 Urinary

system

Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood

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 Male

reproductive system

Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens Main function is the production of offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract

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 Female

reproductive system

Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Main function is the production of offspring Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn

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 The

integumentary system protects the body from the external environment

and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen

Digestive

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 Nutrients

and oxygen are distributed by the blood wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems

Metabolic

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Figure 1.2

Maintaining boundaries the internal environment remains distinct from the external Cellular level accomplished by plasma membranes Organismal level accomplished by the skin Movement locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility Responsiveness ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them Digestion breakdown of ingested foodstuffs

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Metabolism all the chemical reactions that occur in the body increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream Excretion removal of wastes from the body Reproduction cellular and organismal levels Cellular an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells Organismal sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person Growth increase in size of a body part or of the organism

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 Nutrients

chemical substances used for energy and cell building Oxygen needed for metabolic reactions Water provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions Maintaining normal body temperature necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates Atmospheric pressure required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

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Homeostasis

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 Homeostasis

is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium

The

Chemical,

thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

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 The
The

variable produces a change in the body

three interdependent components of control mechanisms are:

Receptor monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli) Control center determines the set point at which the variable is maintained Effector provides the means to respond to the stimulus

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3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to

Control center

4 Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to

Receptor (sensor)

Effector

2 Change detected by receptor

Stimulus: Produces change in variable

Variable (in homeostasis)

5 Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis

Figure 1.4
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 In

negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus prevents sudden and severe changes within the body.
Example:

Regulation of blood glucose levels

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45

Figure 1.5

 In

positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

Example:

Regulation of blood clotting Example: Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin.

Figure 1.6

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 Disturbance

of homeostasis or the bodys normal equilibrium

of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over

Overwhelming

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