Analyse Computer Aided Instruction as a modern method of teaching.

Analyse the use of Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) in the teaching and learning of science.

INTRODUCTION
Pedagogy must be informed by modern technology as the pupils are now digital, (use of cellphones, tablets and computers at home). Therefore, computers must be implemented in the classroom. It is therefore mandatory that the modern science teacher must be equipped with the use of Information Communication Technology (ICT).

Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) Heathcote and Langfield (2004) define CAI as a teaching system that operates on drill and practice principle, for instance, in teaching computers, a student is presented with a word and its meaning. The student studies it and will be asked its meaning at a later stage. Computer Aided Instruction is based on operant conditioning research by B.F Skinner and Evan Pavlov.

CAI Continued
It uses basic drill and practice. The computer presents a problem, the student responses and the computer evaluates the response. The computer presents can be known as computer assisted learning. It is the use of ICT to help students to further their skills , knowledge and understanding of a specific part. Designed to develop a very narrow range of skills, knowledge and understanding.

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION (i) DRILL AND PRACTICE: Crawford (2010) says that the drill and practice method complement teachers practice to reinforce old lessons rather than new one. Very useful approach where material has to be memorized, such as when learning vocabulary work. Computer generates questions in a random order chosen from a stored set and student is required to answer. Some scores can be kept to enable the student to track progress

(ii) SIMULATIONS Parsons and Oja (2011) define simulation as the use of computer models to predict future real life events. Simulations predict the outcome of a real life situation by using a computer-based model of the situation, e.g. Simulating plant growth in Agriculture. It is very effective tool available for teaching students as it provides the opportunity to vary situations in order to see different outcomes without any risk of material wasted. Used in subject areas like Physics to simulate a rocket being launched. In Biology, simulation can be used to simulate virtual patients for operations.

(iii) Tutorials Self instructed programs designed to introduce and teach new materials to students Computer acts like a tutor and allow students to move with own pace. Can assess a students competence level and adjust course accordingly. Useful for introducing and reviewing new topics

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION Stallings (2011) outlines the following advantages: (1) Immediate feedback: The immediate feedback provided by interactive terminals keeps students interacting and eager to keep trying. (2) Active participation: Even weaker students are obliged to participate actively. They often remain passive in lectures. (3) No annoyance: The computer will wait patiently for an answer and does not express annoyance with wrong response. (4) Graphics facility: Interactive graphics make it possible to sample many more illustrations that could easily be shown in a textbook.

Advantages of CAI-continued
(5) Mathematical calculations: Mathematical calculations can be done as readily for realistic examples as for artificially simple class that can be solved analytically. (6) Accurate data: Large volumes of data can be handled with accuracy and without drudgery. (7) Enrichment of course: The novel technique provides enrichment of course through added variety. (8) Enable pupils to recognise their own weaknesses and provides the opportunity to work on strengthening them. (9) Encourage or motivate pupils by displaying a congratulatory message for each response

Disadvantages of CAI (1). Supplying computers for every student is often costly (2). Much emphasis is on drill and practice which encourages rote learning. (3). Some concepts need further explanation by the teacher (4). Every student needs knowledge of computers and how to efficiently use them. (5). Designed to develop a very narrow range of skills, knowledge and understanding. (6). Students may over-rely on computer answers and narrows their focus (line of thinking)

LIMITATION OF CAI & (ICT in general)

Teachers cannot create some activities on their own to aid CAI There is a digital gap between the haves and not haves Lack of computers and necessary accessories in schools Illiteracy on the part of both the teacher and the pupils, especially the teacher who would be in charge of the class Lack of electricity in most schools especially in rural areas

Role of the teacher

monitor the progress of the students to avoid pupils deviating from the intended objectives Guiding the learners on how to use the computer (role model) Teacher should explain or clarify concepts Organizing and out sourcing the resources Selecting the relevant content

SUGGESTIONS
Teacher should be available to help pupils facing some difficulties

References
Crawford, R. (2010). IGCSE ICT. Essex; Heinemann. Heathcote, P. M. and Landfield, S. (2004). A Level Computing. Essex; Payne-Gallway Publishers Ltd. Parsons, J. and Oja, D. (2013). Computer Concepts 2013 Comprehensive. Boston; Prepress Production. Stallings, W. (2011). Data and Computer Communication. New Jersey; Pearson.

GROUP MEMBERS

Mungazi Agrippa Manyeruke Lovemore Marange Alice Kapondeni Tungamirai Muzuro Russia Mwaitirwa Ever Dimbira Peter

B1129976 B1129596 B1129595 R9916748 B1129640 B1129970 B1130379