ADVANCED ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC COMMUNICATION

En. Hilmi Hamzah

Lecturer:

LETS GET STARTED!

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COURSEWORK MARKS
Proposal Presentation Research Instruments Consultations (Individual) 1st Draft of Report Report Presentation (Ind.) Final Report Final Exam TOTAL (10%) (10%) (10%) (15%) (15%) (10%) (30%) (100%)
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1ST WEEKEND
1st session Introduction Research planning Research proposal Data collection 2nd session Proposal Presentation Consultation 1 (Research instrument) Data processing Data presentation Writing Research Report (First 3 chapters)
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BEFORE 2ND WEEKEND

COLLECTION OF DATA Components: Introduction Literature Review Methodology

Submission of 1st draft via e-mail (hilmihamzah@utm.my)

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2nd WEEKEND
3rd session Consultation 2 (Return 1st draft First 3 chapters) Report writing (Final 2 chapters) 4th session Consultation 3 (Check 1st draft Final 2 chapters) Oral Presentation & Listening

BEFORE 3RD WEEKEND

Submission of Final Draft via e-mail (hilmihamzah@utm.my)

3RD WEEKEND
5TH session Students Oral Presentations Submission of Final Report Discussion on Sample Exam Paper

INTRODUCTION
What is research report writing?

Emotional VS. Factual

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Conducting A Research

Writing a Research Report

ISSUES/ PROBLEMS

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HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?

Follow these 5 steps!

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HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?

1. Identify the Issue or Problem

What do I want to know? Who are involved? Where? Why?

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HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?

2. Determine the Purpose

What exactly do I want to do here? What is my statement of purpose? To evaluate? To investigate? To compare? To describe?

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HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?

3. Draw a Plan or a Strategy
Who, where and what are going to be

involved in the research? How do I collect the data? What are the deadlines?

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HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?

4. Search and Collect the Data
Do I need primary data? Do I need secondary data? What are the instruments to be used

to collect the data?

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HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?

5. Analyze Data
How do I process, record, analyze

and interpret the data? How do I make connections among the data? How do I draw conclusions from the data?
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RESEARCH PROPOSAL

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WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROPOSAL?

A Plan of Action

Why?
To seek funding To seek commitment

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2 TYPES OF PROPOSAL INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL SOLICITED VS. UNSOLICITED

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10 COMPONENTS OF A PROPOSAL
1. Title 2. Background Information 3. Statement of Problem 4. Research Objectives 5. Research Questions
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10 COMPONENTS OF A PROPOSAL (Contd)

6. Significance of the Study 7. Scope 8. Methodology 9. Work Schedule 10. Call to Action
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DATA COLLECTION

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WHAT IS DATA COLLECTION?

A process of collecting data (primary & secondary) from different sources PRIMARY DATA obtained through questionnaires, interviews, observations & experiments SECONDARY DATA obtained through reading others works

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COLLECTING SECONDARY DATA

Conducted at the beginning of a research to get a better picture of what you are going to investigate Gathered from various written resources (offline/online) Used in various sections of research report esp. Literature Review Must be properly cited
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COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA

FOUR INSTRUMENTS:

1.QUESTIONNAIRES 2.INTERVIEW 3.OBSERVATION 4.EXPERIMENTS

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1.QUESTIONNAIRES
A systematic compilation of questions distributed to respondents from which information is needed Administered through survey, mail, telephone & internet

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2 TYPES OF QUESTIONS
1. Open-ended Questions
2. Close-ended Questions
Yes/No Scale Listing/Choice Ranking Category
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2.INTERVIEW

A two-communication which permits an exchange of ideas and information 3 types of interviews: 1. Structured 2. Semi-structured 3. Unstructured
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3.OBSERVATION
To get

firsthand information

To strengthen existing data

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4.EXPERIMENTS
To test various techniques, assumptions or products (esp. in engineering & agriculture)

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SAMPLING & POPULATION

SAMPLING a group of respondents who provide information that may be generalised to general population POPULATION a target group to which the results of a research are applicable

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RANDOM Respondents are selected randomly without criteria 3 Categories: Simple Stratified Cluster

2 TYPES OF SAMPLING

NON-RANDOM Respondents are selected based on certain criteria 3 Categories: Systematic Convenience Purposive
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DATA PROCESSING & DATA PRESENTATION

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WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING?

To convert raw data into meaningful statements that could help answer research questions Raw data are systematically organised so that their meanings can be understood Procedures for quantitative and qualitative data are different
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3 STAGES (QUANTITATIVE DATA)

1. ORGANISING, RECORDING AND CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING 2. PRESENTING 3. ANALYSING

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1.ORGANISING, RECORDING & CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING Organise manually or using computer Record using keyword Categorise to see the picture Coding helps processing the data statistically (using SPSS)

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2.PRESENTING
Turn data into comprehensible pictures through

1. Table 2. Graph 3. Chart

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3.ANALYSING
Analyse manually or using computer
Involves the interpretation of frequencies based on data presentation

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3 STAGES (QUALITATIVE DATA)

1. ORGANISING, CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING, AND RECORDING 2. PRESENTING 3. ANALYSING

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1.ORGANISING, CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING, Organise by using transcriptions Categorise by listing the responses Coding by using flexible codes

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2.PRESENTING
Usually presented in original forms Can also be presented using tables

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3.ANALYSING
Involves finding commonalities, regularities or emerging patterns among the responses

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WRITING RESEARCH REPORT

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3 SECTIONS 1.PRELIMINARY 2.MAIN 3.SUPPLEMENTARY

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1.PRELIMINARY
Title Page Abstract Acknowledgement Table of Content List of Figures/ Tables List of Abbreviation & Symbols
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2.MAIN
1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Methodology 4. Findings & Discussions 5. Conclusion & Recommendation

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3.SUPPLEMENTARY
References Appendices

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1.INTRODUCTION

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7 ELEMENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Background of the Study Statement of Problem Purpose of the Study Research Objectives Research Questions Significance of the Study Scope of the Study
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1.Background of the Study

Three steps: 1. To state general statements of facts related to the field of study 2. To state specific statements about issues studied by other researchers 3. To state statements that indicate the need for more investigation
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2.Statement of Problem
To define the issue or problem investigated in the study To refer to problem statement in the proposal

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3.Purpose of the Study

To include a broad discussion on the reasons why the study was carried out and intentions of the study

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4.Research Objectives
To show the extent and the expected outcome of the study To begin with a leading statement followed by the objectives written in point forms

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5.Research Questions
To guide the discussion about the topic To stimulate readers interests To turn the objectives of the study into research questions

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6.Significance of the Study

To justify the reason for conducting the study To emphasize the potential benefits that it would bring

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7.Scope of the Study

To indicate the direction of the study To map out the boundaries of the study To outline the method of investigation To give a preview of the written report

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2.LITERATURE REVIEW

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WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW?

It is an account of what has been published on a research area It describes, summarizes, evaluates and clarifies the studies reviewed It outlines a framework and a theoretical base of a research

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WHY?
To guide you through others works To prepare for your own research To provide a context for your research To justify the research To illustrate how the subject has been studied before To outline gaps in previous research
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HOW DO I DO IT?
Identify relevant articles and books Read and appraise the text critically Organise the literature around your research questions Synthesize relevant information to current study

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5 GENERAL STEPS
1. Prepare annotated bibliography 2. Maintain a reference list 3. Organise materials and make notes 4. Write individual sections according to themes 5. Integrate all sections

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HOW DO I CITE IN A REPORT?

THREE WAYS:

1. SUMMARIZING 2. DIRECT QUOTATION 3. PARAPHRASING

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1. SUMMARIZING
It is a shortened piece of writing by restating main points in your own words General ideas are highlighted Details & examples are excluded

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2. DIRECT QUOTATION
Authors exact words are copied directly from original sources It is preferred when citing powerful phrases or interpreting literary works like poems or plays Sources must be properly cited

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3. PARAPHRASING
Authors words are rephrased/ reworded in your own words Paraphrased text is usually shorter than original text Paraphrased materials must be properly cited

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3.METHODOLOGY

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FIVE PARTS
1. Introduction (Short description of purpose, location, respondents & instruments) 2. Research Instruments 3. Respondents of the Study 4. Research Procedure 5. Data Analysis
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