Research Report

The research report fulfills the historical task of serving as a concrete proof of the study that was undertaken. This serves the purpose of providing a framework for any work that can be conducted in the same or related areas.

It is the complete detailed report of the research study undertaken by the researcher, thus it needs to be presented in a comprehensive and objective manner. This is a one-way communication of the researcher study and analysis to the reader/manager, and thus needs to be all-inclusive and yet neutral in its reporting.

For academic purpose, the recorded document presents a knowledge base on the topic under study and for the business manager seeking help in taking more informed decisions, the report provides the necessary guidance for taking appropriate action.

As the report documents all the steps followed all the analysis carried out, it also serves to authenticate the quality of the work carried out and establishes the strength of the findings obtained.

Thus, effective recording and communicating of the results of the study becomes an extremely critical step of the research process. Based on the

nature of the research study and the researchers orientation, the repor
can take different forms.

Report structure
Preliminary Section Title Page Letter of Authorization Executive Summary Acknowledgements Table of Contents Background Section Problem Statement Study Introduction & Background Scope & Objectives of the Study Review of Literature

Methodology Section Research Design Sampling Design Data Collection Data Analysis

Findings Section Results Interpretation of Results

Conclusions Section Conclusion & Recommendations Limitations of the Study

Appendices Glossary of terms

Bibliography

Preliminary section
Title page Letter of transmittal Letter of authorization

Table of contents
Executive summary Acknowledgements

 Title page should state:

The title of the report
The title should give a brief but complete indication of the purpose of the research project. Addresses and titles of the preparer and recipient may also be included.

For whom the report was prepared By whom it was prepared Date of release or presentation

 Letter of Transmittal
Releases or delivers the report to the recipient in relatively formal and very formal reports.

Letter of Authorization
Approves the project, details who has responsibility for it, and describes resources available to support it.

The Table of Contents

Should list the divisions and subdivisions of the report with page references. Is based on the final outline of the report, but it should include only the first-level subdivisions.

Sample Letter of Transmittal

 The Executive Summary

Briefly explains why the research project was conducted, what aspects of the problem were considered, what the outcome was, and what should be done.

Background section

Problem definition

Study background
Review of literature Study scope & objectives

 Introduction sectiondiscusses background information and the specific objectives of the research.

Methodology section
Research frame work or design
Sampling design Data collection methodology Data analysis Study results & findings

Final section
Interpretation of results

Conclusions & recommendations

Limitations of the study

 Results section presents the findings of the project. It includes tables, charts, and an organized narrative.

Conclusions and recommendations section provides opinions based on the results and suggestions for action.
The conclusions and recommendations should be presented in this section in more detail than in the summary, and the text should include justification as needed.

The Appendix
Contains material that is too technical or too detailed to go in the bodyincludes materials of interest only to some readers or subsidiary materials not directly related to the objectives.

End notes
Appendices
Bibliography Footnotes Glossary of terms

Basic Business Research Report Outline

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Background
a. Literature Review b. Hypotheses

7. Conclusions 8. References 9. Appendices

4. Research Methods 5. Results 6. Discussion

a. Implications b. Limitations c. Future Research

Effective report writing

Clear report mandate
Clearly defined methodology Clear presentation of findings Representativeness of study findings

Guidelines for presenting tabular data

Table title

Table identification number

Data arrays Measurement units Space, lines and rulings Assumptions details and comments

Data sources
Special mention

Illustration: tabular data

Line & curve graph

Area or stratum graph

Pie chart

Bar chart

Histogram

Oral presentations
Study background

Study findings

Study implications

Oral presentations
Handouts Slides Flipcharts & chalkboards Video & audio tapes

Types of Research Reports

The form and structure of the research report might change according to the purpose for which it has been designed. Based on the size of the report, it is possible to divide the report into the following types:

Brief Reports
, sometimes not running more than four to five pages. The information
provided is of a limited scope and is prepared either for immediate consumption or as a prelude to the formal structured report that would subsequently follow. These reports could be designed in several ways.

These kinds of reports are not formally structured and are generally short

Working papers or basic reports

are written for the purpose of collating the process carried out in terms

of scope and the framework of the study, the methodology followed and
instrument designed. The results and findings would also be recorded here. However, the interpretation of the findings and study background might be missing, as the focus is more on the present study rather than past literature. These reports are significant as they serve as a reference point when writing the final report or when the researcher wants to

revisit the detailed steps followed in collecting the study related informati

Survey reports
might or might not have an academic orientation. The focus here is to
present findings in easy- to- comprehend format that includes figures and tables. The reader can then study the patterns in findings to arrive

at appropriate conclusions, essential for resolving the business dilemma. The advantage of these reports is that they are simple and easy to understand and present the findings in a clear and usable format.

Technical reports
These are major documents and would include all elements of the basic
report, as well as the interpretations and conclusions, as related to the obtained results. This would have a complete problem background and any additional past data/records that are essential for comprehending and interpreting the present study output. All sources of data, sampling plan, data collection instrument(s), data analysis outputs would be formally and sequentially documented.

Business reports
These reports would not have the technical rigour and details of the
technical report and would be in the language and include conclusions as understood and required by the business manager. The tables, figures and numbers of the first report would now be pictorially shown as bars and graphs and the reporting tone would be more in business terms rather than in conceptual or theoretical terms. If needed, the tabular data might be attached in the appendix.