Section 1 : Storage System

Storage System Environment

Chapter 2
EMC Proven Professional
The #1 Certification Program in the information storage and management industry

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Chapter Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: o List components of storage system environment
o ost, connectivity and storage

o List physical and logical components of hosts o !escribe "ey connectivity options o !escribe the physical dis" structure o !iscuss factors affecting dis" drive performance

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Lesson: Components of Storage System Environment

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to: o !escribe the three components of storage system environment
o ost, Connectivity and #torage

o !etail ost physical and logical components o !escribe interface protocol

o Peripheral Computer $nterconnect%PC$&, $ntegrated !evice 'lectronics()dvanced Technology )ttachment %$!'()T)& and #mall Computer #ystem $nterface %#C#$&

o !escribe storage options

o Tape, optical and dis" drives
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Host
o )pplications runs on hosts o osts can range from simple laptops to comple* server clusters
Laptop

Server

o Physical components of host

o CPU o #torage
o !is" device and internal memory

LAN

o $(+ device
o o ost to host communications
o ,etwor" $nterface Card %,$C&

Group of Servers

ost to storage device communications

o ost -us )dapter % -)&

Mainframe
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Host: Logical Components

Host Applications Operating System DBMS File System Volume Manager Device Drivers HBA HBA HBA

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Logical Components of the Host

o Application
o $nterface between user and the host o Three.tiered architecture
o )pplication U$, computing logic and underlying databases

o )pplication data access can be classified as:

o Block-level access: !ata stored and retrieved in bloc"s, specifying the L-) %logical bloc" address& o File-level access: !ata stored and retrieved by specifying the name and path of files

o +perating system
o /esides between the applications and the hardware o Controls the environment

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Logical Components of the Host: LVM (Logical Volume Manager

o /esponsible for creating and controlling host level logical storage
Logical Storage

o Physical view of storage is converted to a logical view by mapping o Logical data bloc"s are mapped to physical data bloc"s

o Usually offered as part of the operating system or as third party host software o L01 Components:
o Physical 0olumes o 0olume 2roups o Logical 0olumes
LVM

P ysical Storage

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Volume !roups
o +ne or more Physical 0olumes form a 0olume 2roup o L01 manages 0olume 2roups as a single entity o Physical 0olumes can be added and removed from a 0olume 2roup as necessary o Physical 0olumes are typically divided into contiguous e3ual. si4ed dis" bloc"s o ) host will always have at least one dis" group for the +perating #ystem
o )pplication and +perating #ystem data maintained in separate volume groups
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Logical Volume
Logical Volume Logical Dis! Bloc!

P ysical Volume "

P ysical Volume #

P ysical Volume $ P ysical Dis! Bloc!

Volume Group

LVM E"ample: #artitioning an$ Concatenation

Servers

Logical Volume

P ysical Volume

Partitioning

%oncatenation

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Logical Components of the Host (Cont

o !evice !rivers
o 'nables operating system to recogni4e the device o Provides )P$ to access and control devices o ardware dependent and operating system specific

o 5ile #ystem
o 5ile is a collection of related records or data stored as a unit o 5ile system is hierarchical structure of files
o '*amples: 5)T 67, ,T5#, U,$8 5# and '8T7(6

Additional Task Research on Blade Server Technology & ile Syste!s

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Ho% &iles are Move$ to an$ from Storage

)eac er *+ser, %ourse File*s, File System Files

File System Bloc!s

"
Configures/ Manages

#
Reside in

$
Mapped by a file system to

Dis! Sectors

Dis! P ysical -.tents

LVM Logical -.tents

(
Managed by disk storage subsystem Consisting of

'
Mapped by LVM to

&
Residing in

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Connectivity
o $nterconnection between hosts or between a host and any storage devices o Physical Components of Connectivity are:
o -us, port and cable

%P+

B+S

HBA

%a/le

Dis! Port

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Connectivity #rotocol
o Protocol 9 a defined format for communication between sending and receiving devices

Tightly Connected Entities

Directly Attached Entities

Network Connected Entities

o Tightly connected entities such as central processor to /)1, or storage buffers to controllers %e*ample PC$& o !irectly attached entities connected at moderate distances such as host to storage %e*ample $!'()T)& o ,etwor" connected entities such as networ"ed hosts, ,)# or #), %e*ample #C#$ or 5C&
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#opular Connectivity Options: #C'

o PC$ is used for local bus system within a computer o $t is an interconnection between microprocessor and attached devices o as Plug and Play functionality o PC$ is 67(:; bit o Throughput is 166 1-(sec o PCI Express
o 'nhanced version of PC$ bus with higher throughput and cloc" speed

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#opular Connectivity Options: '(E)*+*

o $ntegrated !evice 'lectronics %$!'& ( )dvanced Technology )ttachment %)T)&
o 1ost popular interface used with modern hard dis"s o 2ood performance at low cost o $ne*pensive storage interconnect o Used for internal connectivity

o #erial )dvanced Technology )ttachment %#)T)&

o #erial version of the $!' ()T) specification o ot.pluggable o 'nhanced version of bus provides upto :2b(s %revision 6<=&

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#opular Connectivity Options: SCS'

o Parallel #C#$ %#mall computer system interface&
o 1ost popular hard dis" interface for servers o igher cost than $!'()T) o #upports multiple simultaneous data access o Used primarily in >higher end? environments o #C#$ Ultra provides data transfer speeds of 67= 1-(s

o #erial #C#$
o #upports data transfer rate of 6 2b(s %#)# 6==&

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Storage: Me$ias an$ Options

o 1agnetic Tape
o Low cost solution for long term data storage o Limitations
o #e3uential data access, #ingle application access at a time, Physical wear and tear and #torage(retrieval overheads

o +ptical !is"s
o Popularly used as distribution medium in small, single.user computing environments o @rite once and read many %@+/1&: C!./+1, !0!./+1 o Limited in capacity and speed

o !is" !rive
o 1ost popular storage medium with large storage capacity o /andom read(write access
o $deal for performance intensive online application
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Lesson Summary
Aey points covered in this lesson: o ost components
o Physical and Logical

o Connectivity options
o PC$, $!'()T), #C#$

o #torage options
o Tape, optical and dis" drive

Additional Task Research on vario"s !edia technologies & their per#or!ance

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Lesson: (is, (rive

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to: o List and discuss various dis" drive components
o Platter, spindle, read(write head and actuator arm assembly

o !iscuss dis" drive geometry o !escribe C # and L-) addressing scheme o !is" drive performance
o #ee" time, rotational latency and transfer rate

o LawBs governing dis" drive performance o 'nterprise flash drive

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(is, (rive Components

%ontroller

HDA

0nterface

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Po1er %onnector

#hysical (is, Structure

Spin2le )rac! Sector

Sector

%ylin2er

)rac! Platter

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Logical -loc, *$$ressing

Sector "4 Bloc! 4

Hea2 4

(Upper Surface)
Bloc! 5

%ylin2er #

(Lower Surface)
Bloc! "(

Bloc! $#

Bloc! &5

P ysical A22ress3 %HS

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Logical Bloc! A22ress3 Bloc!6

(is, (rive #erformance

o 'lectromechanical device
o $mpacts the overall performance of the storage system

o !is" #ervice Time

o Time ta"en by a dis" to complete an $(+ re3uest
o #ee" Time o /otational Latency o !ata Transfer /ate

Disk service time = Seek time + (rotational delay/speed in RPM)+ (block size/transfer rate)

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(is, (rive #erformance: See, +ime

o Time ta"en to position the read(write head o Lower the see" time, the faster the $(+ operation o #ee" time specifications include:
o 5ull stro"e o )verage o Trac".to.trac"

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(is, (rive #erformance: .otational Spee$)Latency

o The time ta"en by platter to rotate and position the data under the /(@ head o !epends on the rotation speed of the spindle o )verage rotational latency
o +ne.half of the time ta"en for a full rotation o )pp*< C<C ms for C;==.rpm drive o )pp*< 7<= ms for 1C===.rpm drive

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(is, (rive #erformance: (ata +ransfer .ate

o )verage amount of data per unit time o $nternal Transfer /ate
o #peed at which data moves from a trac" to dis" internal buffer

o '*ternal Transfer /ate

o The advertised speed of the interface
-.ternal transfer rate measure2 ere 0nternal transfer rate measure2 ere

HBA

0nterface

Buffer

Hea2 Dis! Assem/ly

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Disk Drive

&un$amental La%s !overning (is, #erformance

o LittleBs Law
o !escribes the relationship between the number of re3uests in a 3ueue and the response time< o N a!"
o >,? is the total number of re3uests in the system o >a? is the arrival rate o >/? is the average response time

o Utili4ation law
o !efines the $(+ controller utili4ation o # a ! "s
o >U? is the $(+ controller utili4ation o >/s> is the service time
07O :ueue Arrival

'

&

"

07O %ontroller

Processe2 07O 8e9uest

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&un$amental La%s !overning (is, #erformance

o )verage inter.arrival time, /a 9 1 ( a o )verage response time, / 9 /s ( %1 D U& o )verage 3ueue si4e 9 U7 ( %1 D U& o Time spent by a 3uest in 3ueue 9 U * /

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/tili0ation vs1 .esponse time

=nee of curve> 2is!s at a/out ?4; utili<ation

Lo1 :ueue Si<e

4;

+tili<ation

?4;

"44;

o Consider a dis" $(+ system in which an $(+ re3uest arrives at a rate of 1== $(+s per second< The service time, /#, is ; ms<
o Utili4ation of $(+ controller %U9 a ! /s& o Total response time %/9/s (1.U&
Additional Task Research on $isc $rive Technology

o Calculate the same with service time is doubled

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Enterprise &lash (rives: * 2e% !eneration (rives

Conventional $isk $rive o 1echanical !elay associated with conventional drive
o #ee" time o /otational latency

Enterprise flash $rive o ighest possible throughput per drive

o ,o #pinning magnetic media o ,o 1echanical movement which causes see" and latency o #olid #tate enables consistent $(+ performance

o 1ore power consumption due to mechanical operations o Low 1ean Time -etween 5ailure

o 0ery low latency per $(+ o 'nergy efficient storage design

o Lower power re3uirement per 2- of storage o Lower power re3uirement per $+P#

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Enterprise &lash (rives 3 Overvie%

o !rive is based on 5lash #olid #tate memory technology
o igh performance and low latency o ,on volatile memory o Uses single layer cell %#LC& or 1ulti Level cell %1LC& to store data

o 'nterprise 5lash !rives use a ;2b 5C interface

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Enterprise &lash (rives 3 -enefits

o 5aster performance
o Up to 6= times greater $+P# %benchmar"ed& o Typical applications: E D 178 o Less than 1 millisecond service time
$&$'( %i)re Channel drive $*&$'( %i)re Channel drives +*&$'( %i)re Channel drives

o 1ore energy efficient

o 6E percent less per terabyte o FE percent less per $+
! "er second $ %lash drive

o -etter reliability
o ,o moving parts o 5aster /)$! rebuilds
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#es"onse Time

Enterprise &lash (rives 3 4+ier567 *pplication

o Position 'nterprise 5lash !rives as the high.performance option in demanding environments o Low latency applications, also "nown as >Tier.=? applications o #tandard form.factor and capacity design allows for easier integration o igh performance, low power for a >2reen? initiative o Target Customer(1ar"et #egments:
o igh performance solutions coupled with low power o #pecifically target +racle database customers initially Additional Task o 5inancial trading Research on lash $rive o +LTP databases Technology
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Lesson Summary
Aey points covered in this lesson: o !is" drive components and geometry o !is" drive addressing scheme o !is" drive performance o Convention drive 0s 'nterprise 5lash !rives o 'nterprise 5lash !rives for high performance and low power storage solution

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*pplication .e8uirements an$ (is, #erformance

E%ercise: o Consider an application that re3uires 1T- of storage capacity and performs ;F== $+P#
o )pplication $(+ si4e is ;Ao )s it is business critical application, response time must be within acceptable range

o #pecification of available dis" drive:

o !rive capacity 9 G6 2o 1C=== /P1 o C ms average see" time o ;= 1-(sec transfer rate

Calc&late the n&m'er of $isks re(&ire$)

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Solution
o Calculate time re3uired to perform one $(+
9#ee" time H %rotational delay(speed in /P1&H %bloc" si4e(transfer rate&

Therefore, C ms H %=<C(1C===& H ;A-(%;=1-(s& 9 G<1 msec

o Calculate ma*< number of $+P# a dis" can perform

o 1 ( G<1 ms 9 1;= $+P#

o 5or acceptable response time dis" controller utili4ation must be less than G=I
o Therefore, 1;= 8 =<G 9 FE $+P#

o To meet application
o Performance re3uirement we need ;F==(FE i<e< C= dis" o Capacity re3uirement we need 1T-( G6 2- i<e< 1; dis" *isk re(&ire$
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ma% +capacity, performance-

Chapter Summary
Aey points covered in this chapter: o #torage system environment components:
o ost, connectivity and storage

o Physical dis" structure and addressing o 5actors affecting dis" performance o 5lash drives benefits

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%& 'T co!pany

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