Annexure B Handover

OMF010002 Handover
ISSUE 1.5
Wireless Curriculum Development Section
Course Contents
Summary of Handover
HO Algorithm process
HO Data Configuration HO Signaling process
Summary of HOPurposes of HO
Purposes of HO

To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS

To improve network service performance
To reduce the call drop rate To reduce the congestion rate
Summary of HOClassification of HO
Classification of HO:
Emergency HO
Timing Advance (TA) Emergency HO
Bad quality (BQ) Emergency HO

Rx_Level_Drop Emergency HO Interference Emergency HO

load HO Normal HO
Edge HO Layer HO Power Budget (PBGT) HO
Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving MS HO) Concentric Cell HO
Course Contents
Summary of Handover (HO)
General HO process
Measurement report preprocessing

Penalty processing Basic ranking and Secondary ranking
HO judgment
General process of HO Algorithm

M.R. preprocessing
OM forced HO Directed retry
1
Edge HO
Penalty processing
TA emergency HO BQ emergency HO RSD emergency HO
Layer HO
Basic ranking
PBGT HO Fast moving MS HO Overlaid/underlaid HO
Secondary ranking
Interf. emergency HO Load Sharing HO
HO judgement
1
Processing program
General HO process

Penalty processing Basic ranking and secondary ranking
HO judgment
Measurement Report Preprocessing
Measurement Report (MR):

Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.

Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink
receiving quality of the serving cell and other downlink receiving levels from the neighbor cells.
Serving cell
The downlink measurement report of the serving cell The uplink measurement report of MS
Neighbour cell
The downlink measurement report of the neighbour cell (BCCH)
Measurement Report Preprocess
MR interpolation
Every time BSC receives a measurement report, there will be an

update to the basic rank of the cells.
BTS may fail to receive the measurement report from MS. Before the rank-update, BSC needs to recover the lost measurement reports according to Filter Table. If the lost MR amount is within the allowed range, then recovers the lost MR according to the algorithm.
Measurement Report Preprocess

How to interpolate MR?
C o n t i n u o u s M R f l o w
M R
M R
M R
M R
M R
M e a s u r e m e n t r e p o r t N o . n
M e a s u r e m e n t r e p o r t N o . n + 4
General HO process

HO judgment
Penalty Processing
There are altogether four types of penalty process (second
step of HO algorithm process )

Penalty on the target cell when a HO fails. Penalty on the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( base on BQ and TA ) is performed.
Penalty on other high priority layer cells after a fast moving HO is performed.
A new HO attempt is prohibited within the penalty time after an
overlaid/underlaid HO fails.
Penalty Processing
Penalty on the target cell:
Punish the target cell when a HO fails. This is to avoid the MS

to select this cell again in next HO judgment.
Cell A
BTS
HO failure BSC
Cell B
Penalty Processing
Penalty on the serving cell:
Punish the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( due to

BQ and TA) occurs.
Cell A
BTS
BQ& TA HO
BSC
Cell B
Penalty Processing
Giving penalty on the other three layers after MS handovers to
Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO. This is to keep MS staying

in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent HO.
Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
Penalty Processing
A new Overlaid/underlaid HO is prohibited within a penalty
time after an Overlaid/Underlaid HO failure.
Overlaid Underlaid
Do not attempt again after a failed HO!
General HO process

HO judgment
Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking
Basic ranking and secondary ranking of cells are major parts
of the HO judgment. Ranking is made through 16bitsalgorithm. The serving cell and the neighbor cells will be listed in a cell list according to their 16bits value. The ranking processes include:

M rule K rule 16bits ranking
Basic ranking and Secondary ranking

M
rule:
Only the cells with received signal level satisfy the following conditions can be put into the
candidate cell list. For serving cell: RX_LEV (o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o)) i.e : RX_LEV(o) MSRXMIN(o)-MAX(0,Pa(o)) > 0 .. ( 1 )
For Neighbor cell: RX_LEV (n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n))+ OFFSET
i.e : Having the same formula as above Pa(0) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(0) P Pa(n) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) P MS_TXPWR_MAX( ) : The appointed MS transmitting power by the BSS. P : Max_Power_of_MS Max_Power_of_MS : MS maximum transmitting power
K rule Criterion:
After the M rule , the serving cell and candidate neighbor cells
are ranked in descending order according to the receiving level only.
The 16bits rule
Both the serving cell and the neighbor cells have their own 16bits value. The smaller the value is, the higher the priority and
position the cell is in the cell list.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell signal level and the penalty process taking place beforehand.
The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell according to the level ranges from 000~110. The value for the cell
with the strongest signal level is 000.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 4th bit: bit value is determined by inter-cell HO ( of the same
layer ) hysteresis.
The 4th bit of the serving cell is always 0, The receiving signal level of the neighbor cell >= The receiving level of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis,
bit 4th is set to 0.

The receiving level of the neighbor cell < The receiving level of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 1.
Note: In PBGT HO, whichever the greater of the inter-cell ( of the same layer ) hysteresis and PBGT threshold, that value will be used in the PBGT HO.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their position
in Huawei hierarchical network structure.

When the signal level of the neighbor cells or the serving cell is lower than the layer HO threshold and hysteresis, this function is turned off and all bits are set to 0.
That is to say only when the above criterions are met, then this
function take effect. Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can be further divided into 16 different priorities. So there are 64
different priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell structure.
Hierarchical cell structure
Umbrella Cell GSM900 Cell
GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM1800 Cell
GSM1800
GSM1800
GSM1800
Micro Cell
GSM900 GSM1800
GSM900 GSM1800
GSM900 GSM1800
GSM900 GSM1800

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.

Serving cell: if Cell Load>= Start threshold of load HO, bit 11th is set to 1, otherwise is set to 0. Neighbor cell: if Cell Load>=Receive threshold of load HO, bit 11th
is set to 1, otherwise is set to 0.

Refer to Load HO Table for the load HO threshold and load req. on candidate cell.
Clue : When the cell load is higher than the threshold, then the bit 11th is set to 1.This is done in order to put the cell in a lower part of the cell list.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
12th bit: bit value is decided by co-BSC criterion.

Serving cell: is always set to 0. Neighbor cell: if co-BSC with the serving cell, 12th bit is set to 0, otherwise is set to 1. When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the serving cell is lower than layer HO threshold and hysteresis. turned off and the value is set to 0. If the parameter Co-BSC/MSC Adj. in the HO control table is set to No, then this function is turned off and the value is 0. This function is
13th bit : Bit value is decided by Co-MSC parameter, having the same concept as the 12th bit.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit

Serving cell criterion:
Receive level >= layer HO threshold layer HO hysteresis, bit 14th is set to 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are set to 0. If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1. Example : 20-5 = 15 ( -95 dBm )

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
Neighbor cell criterion:
Receive level >=layer HO threshold + layer HO hysteresis, bit 14th is set to 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are set to 0 If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1. Example : 20+5 = 25 ( -85 dBm )
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
note :
The layer HO threshold and hierarchical hysteresis correspond to the value of that individual cells value. Usual situation : When the neighbor cells are of the same layer, each of the neighbor cells layer HO threshold value will be the same. Same concept goes for the layer HO hysteresis. This can maintain the entire hierarchical layers of the cell.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 15th bit: Bit value is decided by cell type

Serving cell or Neighbor cells:
When cell type is extension cell 1.

When cell type is normal cell 0.
The 16th bit: Reserved bit

General HO process

HO judgment
HO Algorithm
Initializing M rule K rule 16bits rule
O&M reason
Forced HO
Direct re-try
Emergency HO judgment Load-HO judgment Normal HO judgment
Send HO command
Send HO command Send HO command Edge HO judgment
Fast moving HO judgment Layer HO judgment Overlaid/under laid HO judgment
PBGT HO judgment
Types of HO
Types of HO :
Emergency HO
TA & BQ HO, interference HO, Rx_Level_Drop HO
Load HO Normal HO
Edge HO, layer cell HO and PBGT HO
Fast moving HO Overlaid/underlaid HO
Emergency HO
TA HO criterion :
TA of the serving cell > TA Thrsh.
BQ HO criterion :
The average value of the uplink quality of the serving cell > UL Qual. Thrsh.
The average value of the downlink quality of the serving cell > DL Qual. Thrsh.
Requirements on the target cell (same as the above two types of HO):
Select the first cell in the neighbor cell list i.e. lowest 16bits value.
Emergency HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO:

Due to downlink signal level drop

Triggered upon detecting rapid level drop during MS busy mode.
Requirements for the target cell:
The target cell is the first cell in the neighbor cell list.
Emergency HO
Interference HO (DL&UL) :
When the receiving level >
receiving threshold level. But
Receiving quality < threshold of quality interference.
The target cell is in the cell list.
Cell Load HO
Cell Load HO Criterions :
System load of BSC < Permissible load of HO threshold
Load of serving cell > Load HO threshold
Requirements for the target cell
Load of target cell < Load HO threshold
BTS
BSC
Normal HO
Edge HO Criterion:
In N seconds, when there are P seconds that neighbor cells DL

or MSs UL signal level is lower than the Edge HO threshold. Then the criterion is met and Edge HO occurs. This method utilizes the P/N rule.
The target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
Normal HO
Layer HO criterions:
Serving cell :
No requirement.
Target cell :
Layer of the target cell is lower than the serving cell. Receive level of the target cell > layer cell threshold + layer cell hysteresis. Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell. The priority of target cell should be higher than the serving cells.
PBGT HO
PBGT HO Criterions :
Target cells path loss is smaller than the serving cells path loss
by the PBGT threshold value.
Satisfying the P/N rule. Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
Note :
PBGT HO
can only occur between same-priority cell. If the
system permits PBGT HO for the cell, PBGT HO can occur in
either inter-BSC or inter-MSC.
Fast-Moving HO
When the serving cell is micro cell :
When the MS has traveled through P numbers of cell, and there are Q (=<P) numbers of cell that the MS has traveled in high speed, the criteria is satisfied. umbrella cell. MS will be handed over to
When the serving cell is umbrella cell :
When the MS is traveling high speed in umbrella cell, a greater

penalty can be given to the micro cell for a duration of time (penalty time). In this way, the MS will not use the micro cell. Note :In this case, the micro cell is only used under urgency conditions( Poor TA and BQ ).
Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Overlaid/ underlaid :
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink

receive level and TA value.
underlaid
overlaid
Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Criterion for HO from overlaid to underlaid:
TA value => TA threshold + TA hysteresis Or

RX_LEV <= RX_LEV threshold RX_LEV hysteresis
Satisfying P/N rule
Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:
TA value =< TA threshold TA hysteresis and RX_LEV =< RX_LEV threshold + RX_LEV hysteresis
Satisfying P/N rule
Question
Can you list the function of each bit in 16bit ranking?
What is the period of measurement report?
Course Contents
Major HO Parameters Configuration
Major HO parameter configuration

1.[Handover Control Table] 2.[Cell Description Table] 3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] 4.[Penalty Table] 5.[Emergency Handover Table] 6.[Load Handover Table] 7.[Normal Handover Table] 8.[Fast-Moving Handover Table] 9.[Concentric Cell Handover Table]
HO data lookup process

[Handover Control Table] -1
Parameter name Co-BSC/MSC Adj. Meaning It means whether the 12 and 13 bits acts in the 16bit order. Yes means handover in the same BSC/MSC is preferred. th th No means that the 12 and 13 bits are shielded and set to 0. It determines whether to punish the target cell of handover failure, or the original served cell of handover upon too big TA or bad quality. The penalty measures can apply to cells in or out of the same BSC. It determines whether to perform the handover to share traffic load. Load sharing can lower the channel assignment failure ratio caused by cell congestion, so as to make evener allocation of the service in respective cells, and lower the cell congestion rate , and improve network performance. It on ly applies in the same BSC or cells at the same level. It determines whether to handle the fast moving MS with the algorithm. It is only recommended in special a reas (such as a highway), to lower CPU load. This algorithm should only be used in suitable conditions, and usually it is not applied.
th th
Value range Yes, No
Recommen ded value Yes
Penalty allowed
Yes, No
No
Load HO allowed
Yes, No
No
MS Fast moving HO allowed
Yes, No
No

[Handover Control Table] -2
Parameter name RX_Level_Drop HO allowed Meaning Value range It means whether RX_Level_Drop emergency Yes, No handover algorithm is allowed, handover the MS which receiving signal level is dropping quickly in advance to avoid potential call drop. This algorithm should be applied in suitable conditions, and usually it is not used. To apply the handover algorithm, BSC must have original measurement report. It means whether PBGT handover algorithm is Yes, No allowed. PBGT handover algorithm currently is processed on LAPD board. To avoid Ping -pang handover, PBGT handover is only performed between cells at the same layer and with the same priority, and meanwhile it is only triggered on TCH. Recommended value No
PBGT HO allowed
Yes
MS power prediction after HO
It means after a handover whether MS is to use proper predicted transmitting power to access the new channel. This can reduce system interference and improve service qualit y (this parameter acts when intra BSC handover occurs).
Yes, No
Yes

[Handover control table] -3
Parameter name MR. Preprocessing Meaning Value range Yes means perform measureme nt report Yes, No preprocessing on BTS; No means preprocessing on BSC, then the two parameters of Send original measurement report and Send BS/MS power level do not act. Yes means decreasing of Abis interface signaling and BSC load, and improving of network response time performance. The switch determines where to perform power control. When it is set to Yes, power control is performed at BTS side. When it is set to No, power control is performed at BSC side. When setting this parameter, first be clear whether BTS supports the power control algorithm to set or not. Recommended value Yes

Parameter name Transfer original MR. Meaning It means whether to send the original measurement report to BSC after measurement report preprocessing on BTS. When it is set to Yes, BTS sends not only processed measurement rep ort but also original measurement report to BSC. It means whether to send BS/MS power level from BTS to BSC. This function is used to view the effect of power control on BTS. Meanwhile, when preprocessing is available, if BS/MS power level is not reported, the uplink and downlink balance measurements will be affected, and handover types such as PBGT handover and overlaid/underlaid handover needing power compensation will be abnormal. Value range Yes, No Recommended value No
Transfer BS/MS power class
Yes, No
Yes

Parameter name Sent Freq. of preprocessed MR. Meaning Value range It indicates the time interval at which a measurement report Twice per is preprocessed at B TS side and sent to BSC the second, Once Preprocessed measurement report. This parameter acts per second only when Measuremen t report pre -processing is enabled . For 15:1 link configuration, the report frequency should be as low as once per second due to limited link resource. At this time, for handover nee ding P/N judgment such as edge handover, layer handove r, PBGT handover and overlaid/underlaid handover, Recommended value According to concrete conditions

[Cell Description Table] -1
Parameter name Layer of the cell Value range Huwei hierarchical network structure is divided into 4 layers. 16 The priorities can be set for each layer, which provides enough room 1st~4th of network planning for the operator to adapt to various complex layers network environment. Normally, Macro layer is the major 900 layer, Micro layer is the major 1800 layer, Pico is the 900 and 1800 micro cell layer. The smaller layer value, the higher priority. Each layer may have 16 priorities, used to control the handover 1~16 priority between cells at the same layer. Usually priorities of priorities cells at the same layer are set the same. For cells at the same layer, the smaller the priority value, the higher the priority. It affects the value of the 14th bit in the 16bit ranking, and it is 0~63 also the level requirement on the target cell for int erference handover, layer handover and load handover. Then su ch level should be higher than layer h andover threshold + layer handover hysteresis. The layer handover threshold should be set >= Edge handover threshold + Inter -cell handover hysteresis. Works together with the Layer handover threshold. 0~63dB Meaning Recommended value M900: the 3 rd layer M1800: the 2 nd layer
Cell priority
Layer HO Thrsh.
25
Layer HO hysteresis

[Cell Description Table] -2
Parameter Meaning Value range name Penalty on It is valid when the fast m oving handover algorithm is 0~63dB MS Fasting enabled. It is the signal level penalty value on the other moving HO neighbor cells when MS moves fast and is handed over to umbrella cell. The paramete r is only valid within the penalty time. Penalty Time on MS Fasting moving HO Min DL level 0n candidate cell It means that within this tim e, the penalty on the other 0~255 neighbor cells will be exerted a fter MS is handed over seconds to umbrella cell by fast moving HO. This is the min signal level requirement for the cell itself 0~63 to be a candidate cell. Too low configuration may easily cause call drops, while too high a configuration might turn handover too hard to occur. Recommended value 30
40
15

[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -1
Parameter name Ncell ID Meaning Neighbor cell ID index. Value range 0~255 for internal cell; 0~799 for external cell 0~63 0 Recommended value
Min access level offset
This offset is based on Min downlink level of handover candidate cell. Different offsets can be defined for different adjacent cells, and to enter the can didate cell list, the corresponding adjacent cell rec eiving signal level must be higher tha n the sum of Mi n downlink level of handover candidate cell and Min. Access level offset.

[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -2
Parameter Meaning Value range name PBGT HO It means that PBGT handover is performed when the 0~127,corresp Thrsh. difference between the target cell downlink path loss and the onding to serving cell downlink path loss is bigger than PBGT handover --64~63dB threshold. Whe n PBGT handover is enabled , and Inter -cell handover hysteresis > PBGT handover threshold (corresponding dB value), Inter -cell handover hysteresis takes place of PBGT handover threshold to act. . PBGT handover threshold also needs to be adjusted acc ording to handover performance statistics result. Inter-cell HO Handover hysteresis between an adjacent cell and the serving 0~63db hysteresis cell. It is set to reduce Ping -pang HO. The hysteresis value also needs to be adjusted according to the handover performance statistics result and live network. Flexible configuration of the value can effectively lead handover and traffic between two adjacent cells. Recommended value It is around 68 in the densely populated downtown, and around 72 on the outskirts.
It is around 4 in the densely populated downtown, and around 8 on the outskirts.

[Penalty Table] -1
Parameter name Penalty level after HO fail Meaning The signal level value in dB, to punish the target cell which has caused a HO failure due to problems such as congestion , to prevent MS from a handover re-attempt to that ce ll again. This value is only valid within the penalty time for handover failure. Penalty time on the corresponding target cell after handover failure The signal level pen alty value for the original serving cell, to avoid Ping -pang handover after emergency handover upon bad quality. It is only valid within the penalty time for BQ HO. Penalty time for the original serving cell after BQ HO. Value range 0~63dB Recommended value 30
Penalty time after HO fail Penalty level after BQ HO fail Penalty time after BQ HO fail
0~60 seconds 0~63dB
10 63
0~60 seconds
10

[Penalty Table] -2
Parameter Meaning Value range name Penalty The signal strength penalty value for the original serving cell, 0~63dB level after to avoid Ping -pang handover after TA emergency TA HO fail handover. It is only valid within the penalty time for ta handover. Penalty time after TA HO fail Penalty time after IUO HO fail Penalty time for the original serving cell after TA emergency handover. 0~60Seconds
Recommended value 63
10
After an overlaid/underlaid handover failure (big circle hands 0~16Seconds over to small circle o r vice versa), within certain time (this parameter configuration value) overlaid/und erlaid handover is forbidden for the same call.
10

[Emergency Handover Table] -1
Parameter name TA Thrsh. DL QUAL. Thrsh Meaning When TAthis value, emergency handover is triggered The downlink receiving quality threshold for BQ emergency handover. When frequency hopping or DTX is enabled, RQ becomes worse (normal phenomenon), this value should be set to 70. The adjustment should also base on the current network quality and handover statistics. When triggering emergency handover, the first to select is the intercell handover, the intra-cell handover is only triggered when there is no candidate cell and the intra-cell handover is allowed in the serving cell. The uplink receiving quality threshold for BQ emergency HO. Value range 0~63 bit period 0~70, correspondin g to BQ levels of 0~7 Recommended value 63 60
UL QUAL. Thrsh.
correspondin g to BQ levels of 0~7
60

Parameter name UL Qual.Thrsh. for interf. HO Meaning Recommended value Uplink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for corresponding 50, interference interference handover. When frequency hopping or DTX is to BQ levels of quality threshold enbaled, RQ becomes worse (normal phenomenon), this 0~7 must be better than value should be set to 60. The adjustment should also base the emergency on the current network quality and handover statistics. When quality threshold triggering interference handover. If the serving cell is in the first position and intra-cell handover is permitted, perform intra-cell handover. Otherwise select the second candidate cell to perform inter-cell handover. Downlink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for interference handover. 0~70, 50 corresponding to BQ levels of 0~7 Value range
DL Qual. Thrsh. For interf HO.

Paramete r name UL RX_LEV Thrsh. for interf.HO Meaning Value range Recommended value 25
DL RX_LEV Thrsh. for interf HO.
Min uplink receiving power threshold from the serving cell 0~63 required for interf. HO, when interference handover is triggered if the uplink quality is worse than quality thr eshold and at this time the uplink signal level is higher than the signal threshold. When triggering interference handover, If the serving cell is in the first posi tion in the cell list, and intra-cell handover permitted, then start intra -cell HO. Otherwis e select the second cell to perform inter-cell HO. Min downlink receiving power threshold from the serving cell 0~63 required for interf. HO.
30

Parameter name Filter parameters A1~A8 Meaning Value range 10 Recommended value
Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal 0~20 drop judgment, and together with filter parameter B, they are 9 parameters for a filter. The corresponding formula is (in the program, A1~A8 is configuration value minus 10 and B is the negative configuration value): C1(nt)=A1C(nt)+A2C(nt-t)+A3C(nt 2t)+ +A8C(nt-7t) Where, C (nt) is the receiving signal level in the uplink measurement report of the serving cell sent at the time of nt. If C1 (nt) < B, and C (nt) is below the edge handover threshold, then the signal level is considered to be of rapid drop. Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal 0~255 drop judgment. Please refer to the explanation for A1~A8 of filter.
Filter parameter B

[Load Handover Table] -1
Parameter name System flux Thrsh. for load HO Meaning The pre-condition for load HO is that the system flow (signaling flow) is lower the threshold. This value can not be set too high because load handover upon max threshold may cause serious effect to the system. Load handover is triggered when the serving cell load is higher than the threshold, TCH seized in the cell has reaching the corresponding percentage. Value range Recommended value 10
Load HO Thrsh
Load Req. on The Load threshold for the ta rget cells that can accept MS from candidate cell serving cell in load HO, i.e. when the TCH under Idle mode in the neigh bor cell is lower than the corresponding percentage , the cell refuses to accept MS from serving cell handed over due to the load reason.
0, 8~11 system flow levels, corresponding to 0, 70, 80, 90 and 95. 0~7 cell load 5 levels, corresponding to 0, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 0~7, 2 corresponding to 0, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90

[Load Handover Table] -2
Parameter Meaning Value range name Load HO This config uration is related to the edge handover 0~63db bandwidth threshold. Load handover is only allowed when the MS receiving level from the serving cell is within the range of margin handover threshold, margin handover threshold + load handover bandwidth. Load HO step When a cell is up to conditions for load handover, all calls 1~60 seconds period within the serving cell will send handover request at the same time, this will cause abrupt increase on processor load, and under certain conditions this will cause the target cell congestion and result in call drops. Thereby, step by step load handover algorithm is used to control handover. The cycle is the time needed for handovers of each step. Load HO step The whole load HO bandwidth will be divided into several 1~63db level sub-bands by this parameter. Recommended value 25
10

[Normal Handover Table] -1
Parameter Meaning name Edge HO UL During the statistics time, if the time in which the uplink receiving level is lower than the value is longer than RX_LEV certain time called continuous time, edge handover Thrsh. will be performed. If PBGT handover is enabled, Corresponding edge handover threshold will be set lower. Value range Recommended value
0~63
25 (without PBGT handover, downtown), 15 (single station on outskirts), 15 (with PBGT handover, downtown)
Edge HO DL Downlink consideration for edge HO. RX_LEV Thrsh.
63
30 (without PBGT handover, downtown), 20 (single station on outskirts), 20 (with PBGT handover, downtown)

Parameter name Edge HO watch time Meaning Value range 1~16 seconds 5 Recommended value It means that within the time statistics, if the time in which the signal level is lower than threshold is higher than the continuous time, then margin HO is to be triggered. valid See the above.
Edge time
1~16 seconds

Parameter Meaning name PBGT watch Statistics time for PBGT HO signal level judgment. time Value range 1~16 seconds 5 Recommended value
PBGT time
valid Continuous time for PBGT HO signal level judgment.
1~16 seconds

Parameter name Layer HO watch time Layer HO valid time Meaning Statistics time for Layer HO judgment Value range 1~16 seconds 5 Recommended value
Continuous time for Layer HO judgment.
1~16 seconds

[Fast-Moving Handover Table]
Parameter name MS Fast-moving watch cells MS Fast-moving valid cells Meaning The cell sum P for judge whether MS is fast moving. The value, if too large, may cause abrupt increase of system flow, while too small value may cause inaccurate judgment for fast moving MS. Value range 1~10 3 Recommended value
MS Fast-moving time Thrsh.
The cell sum N by which MS actually quickly passes. If 1~10 within P cells that MS continuously past, the number of cells by which the MS is judged to pass quickly is equal to or more than N, then the MS will b e judged as a fast moving MS. The time threshold (2r/v) determined by the cell radius 0~255 (r) and moving speed (v). If the time in which MS seconds passes the cell is smaller than the threshold, then MS is judged to quickly pass the cell.
15

[Concentric Cell Handover Table] -1
Parameter name UO signal intensity difference Meaning Value range Recommended value Set according to actual conditions
BTS transmitting Power difference between 0~63db underlaid and overlaid may cause MS receiving signal intensity difference in underlaid and overlaid . The parameter uaually indicates the antenna EIRP difference in dB between underlaid cell and overlaid cell. According to field measurement, multi-point measurement is necessary if the underlaid and overlaid use different antenna.

Parameter name RX_LEV Thrsh Meaning Rx level hysteresis, TA threshold and TA hysteresis jointly define underlaid area and overlaid area. It must be bigger than edge handover threshold, and the recommended value is: edge handover threshold + signal intensity difference between underlaid and overlaid . Works with Rx threshold. Value range 0~63 Recommended value 25
RX_LEV hysteresis TA Thrsh.
0~63
It must be bigger than TA emergency handover threshold.
0~63 bit period, with 1 bit period corresponding to 0.55km 0~63 bit period
TA hysteresis
Works with TA threshold.

Parameter name Meaning UO HO watch time P/N judgment statistics time for U/O HO judgment. Value range 0~16 seconds Recommended value 5
UO HO valid time
P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO judgment.
0~16 seconds

Parameter name Assign optimum layer Meaning In Overlaid/Underlaid, the following selection are available for TCH assignment: (1) The system judges according to the measurement report on SDCCH and assign to the best sub-cell. (2) Select the overlaid first for TCH assignment. (3) Select the underlaid first for TCH assignment. (4) Do not give extra priority. If system optimization is selected, estimate (interpolate, filter) current SDCCH level value through uplink measurement value in the former SDCCH measurement report, and compare with Assign-optimum Level threshold, so as to assign overlaid or underlaid channel. If SDCCH is in the overlaid : edge handover threshold + signal intensity difference between underlaid and overlaid + uplink and downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and TCH difference allowance. If SDCCH is in the underlaid : edge handover threshold + uplink and downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and TCH difference allowance. Value range System optimization, overlaid , underlaid , no preferential 0~63 Recommended value System optimization
Assignoptimum level Thrsh.

Parameter name Pref. subcell in HO of intra-BSC Meaning When the cell is configured into a Overlaid/Underlaid, there are two processing methods for incoming handover request in BSC: (1) No special processing for channel assignment. (2) Add BCCH signal level value of the target cell in intercell handover request message to BSC to make BSC allocate optimum channel for MS from underlaid or overlaid . If there is a incoming BSC HO, and the target cell is a Overlaid/Underlaid, then, this parameter will show which layer is preferred to provide service for the MS. Value range Yes, No Recommended value Yes
Incoming-toBSC HO optimum layer
overlaid , underlaid , none
None
HO Parameters Configuration
BA2 table defines BCCH frequencies of all neighbor cells. It is

sent to MS by system message 5, system message 5-bis and system message 5ter on SACCH channel.
MS reports the serving cell and BCCH, BSIC and signal levels of 6 strongest neighbor cells to BSS. This is done through SACCH.
MR pre-process is done in BTS. Relation Table, and
Module number, cell number
and CGI of all neighbor cells are derived from Adjacent cell Cell Description Table (or External Cell Description Table) through BCCH and BSIC in the MR.
Summary of BSC HO
BSC performs HO judgment process, such as basic rank of cells

(completed in LAPD board). When BSC finds suitable target, It sends HO request messages containing the target CGI to MPU of BSC. According to CGI, MPU derive the module number of the cell from Cell Module Information Table.
MPU sends a HO command message to the target module and step up the inter-cell/ intra-cell HO request counter by one.
Course Contents
HO Signaling process
Intra BSC Handover
Intra MSC Handover

Inter MSC Handover
Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process

MS
BTS1
BSC
BTS2
MS
MSC
Measurement Report from MS Channel_Active

Channel_Active ACK
HANDOVER COMMAND Handover Access
Handover_Detect PHY INFO PHY INFO First SABM

Establish_IND
Handover Complete Handover_Performed
Attention
In asynchronous HO, if MS could not reach the new TCH

channel after the target cell has sent PHY INFO up to max times, the target cell reports CONN FAIL IND to BSC with the reason: HO access failure.
After the above message is received, BSC release the assigned TCH channel in the target cell .
Max resend times of physical information*Radio link connection timer > Time interval between EST IND and HO DETECT (120~180ms). This is to make sure that the physical information reach MS.

MS
BTS (Original)
BSC
BTS (Target)
MSC
Measurement Report Measurement Report

Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers
Channel_Activate T12++ Attempted incoming internal inter cell handoversT09++ Channel_Activate ACK Handover Command (Old FACCH) Handover Access (New FACCH)
Handover Complete (New FACCH) T10++
Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers
T13++ Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers RF Channel Release Handover Performed
Measurement Points of Intra BSC Handover
Handover formula definition
Internal inter cell radio handover success rate

=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers handovers + Outgoing internal inter cell handovers ) + Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Incoming internal inter cell
Internal inter cell handover success rate

=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Attempted incoming internal inter cell handovers + Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers)
Internal inter cell radio handover success rate >= Internal inter
cell handover success rate
Intra BSC Handover
Intra MSC Handover

Inter MSC Handover
Intra-MSC HO Signaling process

Signaling intra MSC
MS
BTS(original)
BSC1
MSC
BSC2
BTS (Target)
Measurement Report Measurement Report Attempted outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers Handover Required Handover Request
Attempted incoming interBSC inter cell handovers
Channel_Active Channel_Active_ACK
Handover_Request_ACK Handover Command Handover Access Handover Detect Handover Complete

Successful incoming inter BSC handovers Successful outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers
Handover Complete
Clear Command (HO Successful)
RF Channel Release Clear Complete
Intra BSC Handover
Intra MSC Handover

Inter MSC Handover
Measurement Points of Inter-BSC Handover

Signaling process between MSC
MS BSC-A MSC-A MSC-B
MAP_Prepare_HO
VLR-B
BSC-B
MS
HO-REQUIRED
MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM MAP_Send_HO_Repor t MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK HO-REQUEST
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK
IAI
HO-REQUEST-ACK
HO-Command
ACM
HO-Access MAP_Process_Access_Signalling HO-Complete MAP_Send_End_Signal Clear-Command Clear-Complete MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK

Some intermediate steps are omitted
Measurement Points of Inter-BSC Handover

Signaling process between MSC
MS BSC-A MSC-A MSC-B
MAP_Prepare_HO
VLR-B
BSC-B
MS
HO-REQUIRED
MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM MAP_Send_HO_Repor t MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK HO-REQUEST
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK
IAI
HO-REQUEST-ACK
HO-Command
ACM
HO-Access MAP_Process_Access_Signalling HO-Complete MAP_Send_End_Signal Clear-Command Clear-Complete MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK

Some intermediate steps are omitted
Inter-MSC HO Signaling process

Signaling process Abnormal conditions
The following conditions will cause HO failure

MSC-B fails to identify the target cell. MSC-B does not allow HO to the indicated target cell. The target cell has no channel available. VLR-B has no HO number available. HO error or unsuitable data.
Inter MSC HOSubsequent HO process

Roaming MS E MSCa BSS2 Radio transmission signal measurement HO REQUIRED (target cell table) Perform subsequent HO(MAP) (target cell ID, serving cell ID, MSC number) Perform HO (target cell ID, serving cell ID, channel type) HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type) HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin (including New TCH number and HO number) Allocate HO number Send HO report(HON) MSCb MSCb' VLRb VLRb' BSS2' MS
Radio channel ack. (MAP) (includes New TCH number and HON)
IAI ACM Subsequent HO ack. HO COMMAND Send end signal (MAP) ANS End signal (MAP) CLEAR COMMAND Release (TUP) CLEAR COMPLETE Cut physical connection between MSCa and MSCb Release HO report Release HON HO DETECT HO COMPLETE
~ ~
End signal (MAP) Release (TUP/ISUP)
~ ~
Release HO report
Release HON
Cut physical connection between MSCAa and MSCb'
Inter MSC HOSubsequent HO process
Subsequent HO
MSC-A
MSC-B
MSC-C
MSC-C
Highway
Inter MSC HO Signaling process

countersame
Statistics
as
Intra MSC HO, Statistics is

handled by BSC
HO formula-- same as Intra MSC HO
Basic process of HO Signaling process

There is no HO request information for intra-BSC HO, and all of the HO are analyzed and processed in BSC. Once the target cell as required is found in the BSC, Channel activation information is sent to it directly. When the target cell is not in the same BSC, BSC reports CGI numbers of the serving cell and target cell, and HO cause to MSC through Ho-Required. When MSC finds the LAC of the target cell is in the MSC, it sends Ho-Request to the BSC of the target cell, and the target BSC activates the target cell channel to complete the following procedure. When MSC finds that the target cell LAC does not belong to the MSC, it will query its LAI and GCI Table (including LAC and router address of the adjacent MSC), and send Prepare-HO message to the target MSC-B according to the router address. The message includes CGI of the target cell and indication whether or not to allocate HO number, etc. According to the message, the target MSC-B sends HO-Request message to the target BSC-B after demanding HO number (unless it is not required in the indication) from VLR-B, and sends Prepare-HO acknowledgement to serving MSC after received HO-Request acknowledgement, to execute the next procedure.
1.
2.
3.
Intra-BSC HO and Inter-BSC HO
Major differences:
Inter BSC HO transfers HO-REQ message through MSC, with

CGI of the serving cell and target cell carried in the message.
Intra BSC HO does not have any CGI in any messages, it is handled inside BSC. Intra BSC HO only sends HO-Performed to MSC upon completion of HO, and MSC is not involved before that time.
In inter BSC HO, MSC is involved since the HO request .
Question
What is the content of PHY INFO? When will the system
send this message to MS?
Why Internal inter cell radio handover success rate >= Internal inter cell handover success rate?

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OMF010002 Handover

Wireless Curriculum Development Section

To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS

Bad quality (BQ) Emergency HO

Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving MS HO) Concentric Cell HO

Summary of Handover (HO)

Measurement report preprocessing

General process of HO Algorithm

PBGT HO Fast moving MS HO Overlaid/underlaid HO

Interf. emergency HO Load Sharing HO

Measurement report preprocessing

Measurement Report Preprocessing

Measurement Report (MR):

Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.

The downlink measurement report of the neighbour cell (BCCH)

Measurement Report Preprocess

Every time BSC receives a measurement report, there will be an

Measurement Report Preprocess

Measurement report preprocessing

There are altogether four types of penalty process (second

step of HO algorithm process )

A new HO attempt is prohibited within the penalty time after an

Penalty on the target cell:

Punish the target cell when a HO fails. This is to avoid the MS

Penalty on the serving cell:

Punish the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( due to

Giving penalty on the other three layers after MS handovers to

Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO. This is to keep MS staying

A new Overlaid/underlaid HO is prohibited within a penalty

time after an Overlaid/Underlaid HO failure.

Do not attempt again after a failed HO!

Measurement report preprocessing

Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking

Basic ranking and secondary ranking of cells are major parts

M rule K rule 16bits ranking

Basic ranking and Secondary ranking

For Neighbor cell: RX_LEV (n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n))+ OFFSET

Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking

Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking

The 16bits rule

position the cell is in the cell list.

with the strongest signal level is 000.

Basic ranking and Secondary ranking

The 4th bit: bit value is determined by inter-cell HO ( of the same

bit 4th is set to 0.

Basic ranking and Secondary ranking

The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their position

in Huawei hierarchical network structure.

different priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell structure.

Basic ranking and Secondary ranking

Hierarchical cell structure

Umbrella Cell GSM900 Cell

Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking

The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.

is set to 1, otherwise is set to 0.

Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking

12th bit: bit value is decided by co-BSC criterion.

Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking

The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit

Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking

Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking

The 15th bit: Bit value is decided by cell type

When cell type is extension cell 1.

The 16th bit: Reserved bit