FOUR STROKE

Physical principles related to operation Basic parts of the engine assembly Four stro e operating theory

Physical Principles related to Engine Operation

Energy con"ersion #tmospheric pressure $acuum Pressure The relationship bet%een temperature& pressure and "olume' The three states of matter'
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Energy )on"ersion
Engines ta e heat energy and con"ert it into mechanical energy' *otors ta e electrical energy and con"ert it into mechanical energy'

Basic Parts of the Petrol Engine

)ylinder bloc Piston Piston rings Piston pin )onnecting rod )ran shaft )ylinder head ,nta e "al"e E-haust "al"e )amshaft Timing gears Spar plug

)ylinder Bloc
Basic frame of engine' )ontains the cylinder'

Piston

# sliding plug that harnesses the force of the burning gases in the cylinder'

Piston Rings
The rings seal the compression gases abo"e the piston eep the oil belo% the piston rings'

Piston Pins
#lso no%n as the %rist pin& it connects the piston to the small end of the connecting rod' ,t transfers the force and allo%s the rod to s%ing bac and forth'
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)onnecting Rod
)onnects the piston and piston pin to the cran shaft'

)ran shaft
#long the the piston pin and connecting rod it con"erts the up and do%n motion 4reciprocating5 of the engine to spinning 4rotary5 motion'

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$ )ran $S 6 )ran

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Fly%heel
)arries the inertia %hen there is no po%er stro e'

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7o%er End #ction

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)ylinder 8ead
Forms the top of the combustion chamber' )ontains the "al"es& the passage%ays for the fuel mi-ture to mo"e in and out of the engine'

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,nta e and E-haust $al"es

9oor%ay that lets the gases in and out of the engine'

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Spar Plug
Electric match used to begin the combustion process of burning air and gasoline to create heat'

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Engine Related Terms

T9) 4top dead center5 B9) 4bottom dead center5 Stro e Bore Re"olution )ompression Ratio 9isplacement )ycle
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Four Stro e )ycle

,nta e )ompression Po%er E-haust

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,nta e Stro e
,nta e "al"e opens' Piston mo"es do%n& : turn of cran shaft' # "acuum is created in the cylinder' #tmospheric pressure pushes the air;fuel mi-ture into the cylinder'

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)ompression Stro e
$al"es close' Piston mo"es up& : turn of cran shaft' #ir;fuel mi-ture is compressed' Fuel starts to "apori<e and heat begins to build'
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Po%er Stro e
$al"es remain closed' Spar plug fires igniting fuel mi-ture' Piston mo"es do%n& : turn of cran shaft' 8eat is con"erted to mechanical energy'

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E-haust Stro e
E-haust "al"e opens' Piston mo"e up& cran shaft ma es : turn' E-haust gases are pushed out polluting the atmosphere'

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Four Stro e )ycle #nimation

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T%o Stro e #nimation

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Rotary Engine

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9iesel #nimation

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9iesel ! stro e

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9iesel

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6hy not diesel=

1' 9iesel engines& because they ha"e
much higher compression ratios 4!3>1 for a typical diesel "s' 1>1 for a typical gasoline engine5& tend to be hea"ier than an e?ui"alent gasoline engine' !' 9iesel engines also tend to be more e-pensi"e'

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6hy not diesel=

(' 9iesel engines& because of the %eight and compression ratio& tend to ha"e lo%er ma-imum RP* ranges than gasoline engines This ma es diesel engines high tor?ue rather than high horsepo%er& and that tends to ma e diesel cars slo% in terms of acceleration' +' 9iesel engines must be fuel in@ected& and in the past fuel in@ection %as e-pensi"e and less reliable
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6hy not diesel=

.' 9iesel engines tend to produce more smo e and Asmell funnyA' /' 9iesel engines are harder to start in cold %eather& and if they contain glo% plugs& diesel engines can re?uire you to %ait before starting the engine so the glo% plugs can heat up' 0' 9iesel engines are much noisier and tend to "ibrate' 1' 9iesel fuel is less readily a"ailable than gasoline
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#d"antages

The t%o things %or ing in fa"or of diesel engines are better fuel economy and longer engine life' Both of these ad"antages mean that& o"er the life of the engine& you %ill tend to sa"e money %ith a diesel' 8o%e"er& you also ha"e to ta e the initial high cost of the engine into account' Bou ha"e to o%n and operate a diesel engine for a fairly long time before the fuel economy o"ercomes the increased purchase price of the engine' The e?uation %or s great in a big diesel tractorC trailer rig that is running +33 miles e"ery day& but it is not nearly so beneficial in a (! passenger car'