WELCOME

BASIC OF RADIATION ATOM ELECTROMAGNETISM

Capt.Ridwana Habib Grading trainee(1st term) CMH, Dhaka

STRUCTURE OF MATTER

SUBDIVISION OF MATTER

Matter
Indefinite composition

Substances
Each has definite composition

Elements
Cannot be decomposed to simpler substances by ordinary mean

Compounds
can be decomposed chemically

Atom
Smallest units

Molecules
smallest units

MATTER
Anything which occupies space and has inertia

MOLECULE
Smallest subdivision of a substance having the characteristics properties of that substance

ATOM
Smallest particle of an element that has the characteristic properties of that element

SUBSTANCE
A substance is any matter that has a definite, constant composition, such as pure salt

ELEMENT
The simple substances are called element that cannot be decomposed to simpler substances by ordinary means

COMPOUNDS
The complex substances are called compounds, formed by the chemical union of two or more elements in definite proportions

DIATOM
The commonly occurring gases such as oxygen (O2), nitrogen(N2), and hydrogen(H2) occur in nature in the form of molecules consisting two atoms and hence they are called diatom NEUCLEUS
Stable Particles : Proton, Neutron & Neutrino Unstable Particles: Mu mesons, Pi mesons , K mesons , Hyperons , Antiproton etc.

PROTONS
Elementary positive particles with mass about 1.67 10 -24 g , and diameter about 10-13 cm. It is about 1840 times heavier then an electron

NEUTRONS
Elementary neutral particles having virtually the same mass as the proton

ELECTRONS
Elementary negative particles with mass about 9.1110 -28 g and diameter about 4 10 -13 cm

ATOMIC NUMBER
The number of protons or positive charges in the nucleus of an atom denotes its atomic number

ATOMIC MASS
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom denotes its mass number or atomic mass number

ISOTOPES
Can be defined as atoms that have the same number of nuclear protons (equal to the atomic number of the element) but different numbers of nuclear neutrons
Example: Hydrogen (H) has 3 stable isotop H (Protium) , H (Deuterium), H(Tritium)

OXYGEN ISOTOPE

HYDROGEN ISOTOPE

ISOBAR
The atoms composed of nuclei with the same mass number(A)but different number of proton or neutron are called ISOBAR

ISOMER
The atoms composed of nuclei with the same atomic number (Z) and mass number (A) but different in energy state are called ISOMER

ISOTONE
The atoms composed of nuclei with the same number of neutron but different number of proton are called isotone

Example: I & Xe Here mass number of I=131 & Xe=132 Proton number of I=53 & Xe=54 So neutron number of I=(A-Z)=131-53=78 Neutron number of Xe=132-54=78..are same

Isotopes equal Z

Isobars equal A

Isotones equal N

Isomers equal all the above

Points Isotope Isotone Isobar Isomer

Atomic number (Z)

Same

Neutron number (N)

Different

Mass number (A)

Different

Different

same

Different

Different

Different

Same

Same

Same

Same

ATOMIC WEIGHT
It refers to the mass of any atom relative to the mass of carbon 12 isotope taken as 12

IONIZATION
The process of converting atoms to ions is termed ionization

NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY

It is the energy necessary to dissociate nucleus into its constituent part It is the result of the strong attractive forces between nucleons

NUCLEAR FISSION
Nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei). The fission process often produces free neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma rays), and releases a very large amount of energy.

It is an exothermic reaction which can release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments In order for fission to produce energy, the total binding energy of the resulting elements must be greater than that of the starting element.

An induced fission reaction. A neutron is absorbed by a uranium-235 nucleus, turning it briefly into an excited uranium-236 nucleus, with the excitation energy provided by the kinetic energy of the neutron plus the forces that bind the neutron. The uranium-236, in turn, splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and releases three free neutrons. At the same time, one or more "prompt gamma rays" (not shown) are produced, as well.

Nuclear fusion:
NUCLEAR FUSION
Nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two light nuclei (such as H-2 & He-3) combine to form a heavier nuclei (such as helium-4). The process releases excess binding energy from the reaction, based upon the binding energies of the atoms involved in the process.

AUGER ELECTRON
Removal of an electron from tungsten atom during electron bombardment to the target causes the atom to have an excess positive charge and the atom thus becomes a positive ion. In the process of returning to its normal state , the ionized atom of tungsten may get rid of excess energy in two ways : 1. An additional electron may be expelled by the atom and carry off the excess energy. This additional electron is known as auger electron. 2. To emit radiation that has wavelength within the x ray range.

ATOMIC MODELS
JJ Thomson discovered a negatively charged particle much smaller than any atom ,which came to be called electron . Based on Rutherford and Bohrs work a simple model of an atom may be visualized as a massive positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbits of different diameters.

Nils Bohr suggested that the electrons are negatively charged particle and moves
around the nucleus in various orbits .

Cont
The orbit of electron is fixed .
Unlike the solar system with one planet in each orbit, the atomic system allows 2 electrons in the first , up to 8 in the second , up to 18 in the 3rd , up to 32 in the 4th , up to 50 in the 5th The electron orbits are designated by letters: K,L, M,N,O,P and so on An electron in the shell closest to the nucleus is in the K shell and the electron is called a K electron

Cont..
The attractive force between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged

electron is the force that keeps the electrons in the atom . This force is called the binding
force of the electron, and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the nucleus and the electron.

Therefore, a K electron has a larger binding force than other electrons.

The binding energy of the electron shells varies from one element to another.

Cont..
An electron can move to either a higher or lower energy shell if the shell is not already filled . Other than K shell energy shells have sub-shell of slightly different energy. e.g. L shell has 3 sub-shell. Diameter of atom is 100000 times larger than the diameter of its nucleus.

IONIC BOND
The Attraction between two ion is called Ionic bond/Chemical bond Charged atoms are called ion

COVALENT BOND

Covalent Bonds are the strongest chemical bonds, and are formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons ( Outer orbital electrons) Once formed, covalent bonds rarely break spontaneously.

IONIZATION
The Process of converting atoms to ions is termed as ionization. Ionization is an extremely important process .Many chemical ionization takes place between ion and solution. Ionization of air by x-rays underlies the modern measurement of the exposure rate of an x-ray beam. Ionization of body tissues indirectly through preliminary release of electrons underlies the fundamental mode of action of x-ray & gamma rays in therapy .

WAYS OF IONIZATION
Exposure of matter to x-ray or gamma rays Exposure of matter to stream of electrons Spontaneous breakdown of radioactive nuclides Exposure of certain elements to light Chemical ionization Thermionic emission

ELECTROMAGNETISM

RADIATION
Radiation is defined as the process by which energy is emitted from a source and propagated through the surrounding medium, or the energy involved in this process Radiation is energy sent out as electromagnetic waves

1 Ionizing radiation 1.1 Alpha 1.2 Beta 1.3 Neutron 1.4 X-ray 1.5 Gamma

2 Non-ionizing radiation 2.1 Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation 2.1.1 Visible light 2.1.2 Infrared 2.1.3 Microwave 2.1.4 Radio waves 2.1.5 Very low frequency (VLF) 2.1.6 Extremely low frequency (ELF) 2.1.7 Thermal radiation (heat) 2.1.8 Black-body radiation

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Any accelerating charge not bound to an atom (including the nucleus) will emit EM radiation. Thus, energy is transmitted through space by EM radiation .

WAVE CONCEPT OF EM RADIATON

EM radiation is propagated through space in the form of wave. The EM wave poses wave length (), frequency () and velocity (c). The relation between c, & of electromagnetic radiation is expressed as: c= All EM wave travel at the same velocity in a given medium. So in above mentioned equation C is constant so different EM radiation varies in their wave length.

EM SPECTRUM

Electromegnetic spectrum includes radiation from very long radio wave to short, penetrating gamma rays. All of them travel at a velocity C in vacuum. The wave length and the photon energy of the whole range of EM radiation is summarized in the next slide

RADIATION

WAVELENGTH

PHOTON ENERGY

Radio wave, Radar wave Infra red radiation Visible light

3105 cm to 1 cm 0.01cm to 0.0001cm 7000 to 4000

410-10 to 1.2410-4eV 0.0124 ev to 1.24 eV 1.77ev to 3.1 eV

Ultraviolet light
Soft X-ray Diagnostic X-ray Deep therapy X-ray and Gamma ray Small betatron

3900 to 20
100 to 1 1 to 0.1 0.1 to 10-4

3.1 ev to 124 eV
124 ev to 12.4 KeV 12.4 KeV to 124 KeV 124 KeV to 1.24 Mev

0.001

12.4 MeV

WAVE CONCEPT CAN EXPLAIN :

REFLECTION REFRACTION

DIFFRACTION
POLARIZATION

PARTICLE CONCEPT OF EM RADIATTION

Short EM wavs such as X rays , may react with matter as if they were particle rather

than wave.
This particles are discrete bundles of energy known as quantum or photon. The amount of energy carried out by each quantum or photon ,depends on the

frequency of the radiation.( If the frequency [number of vibration per sec] is double
than the energy is double).

The Mathematical Expression Of Energy Of EM Radiation Is:

E=h
Here, E= Photon energy h = Plancks constant (4.13 10-18 KeV-sec) = frequency

The product of velocity of light (C) and Plancks constant (h) is 12.4 when the unit of energy is KeV and the wave length is in the relation between energy and wavelength is :

so,

c= v v=c/

E= hc/ =12.4/
Here, E = Energy in Kev = Wavelength in

SI BASE:
SI UNIT NAME
METER LENGTH KILOGRAM MASS SECOND TIME AMPERE ELECTRIC CURRENT KELVIN TEMPERATURE MOLE AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE

SI SYMBOL
m Kg S A K mol

CANDELA LUMINOUS INTENSITY

Cd

RADIAN STERADIAN

Rad sr

SI DRERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES

QUANTITY
Frequency Force Energy

SI UNIT NAME
Hertz Newton Joule

SI SYMBOL
Hz N J

EXPRESSED IN SI BASE UNIT

1/s m-kg/s2 m2kg/s2

MORE FAMILIAR UNIT

erg

power
Charge Radioactivity

Watt
Coulomb Becquerel

W
C Bq

A-Sm2kg/s2
A-S 1/S curie

Absorbed dose
Electric potential Capacitance Magnetic flux Magnetic flux density(magnetic induction)

Gray
Volt Farad Weber tesla

Gy
V F Wb T

m2/s2, A-S/KG
m2-KG/S3-A A2S4/m2kg m2Kg/s2-A Kg/s2-A

rad, roentgen

gauss

THANK YOU