LABORATORY ACTIVITY SISTEM REPRODUKTIF

BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FK UNISBA

What will we discuss to day?

Review the function of each part of Male and Female Reproductive organ Regulation of hormones on Male Reproductive Regulation of hormones on Female Reproductive Reproductive Cycle on Female Reproductive include Ovarian Cycle Menstrual Cycle

General function of male reproduction system

Male reproductive system Testes : Produce sperm and secrete the male sex hormone testosterone Hypothalamus Male reproductive duct : transport, store and assist in maturation of sperm, conveys sperm to the exterior Accessory sex glands: secrete most of the liquid portion of semen Penis contains the urethra : a passageway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine Scrotum : supporting structure for the testes

General function of female reproduction system

Female reproductive system Ovaries : produce secondary oocytes and hormones, including progesterone and estrogens (female sex hormones), inhibin and relaxin Uterine tubes (fallopian tube) : transport a secondary oocyte to the uterus and normally are the sites where fertilization occurs Uterus : site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor Vagina : receives the penis during sexual intercourse and is a passageway for childbirth Mammary glands : synthesize, secrete and eject milk for nourishmentof the newborn

Function of testes, duct and accessory glands

Seminiferous tubules: produce sperm (spermatogenesis) Spermatogenic cells : the sperm-forming cells Starting at puberty, sperm production begins at the periphery of the seminiferous tubule. (Students had been learnt about spermatogenesis)
Sertoli cells : supporting spermatogenesis Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm as development proceeds Control movements of spermatogenic cells Release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule Produce fluid for sperm transport Secrete androgen-binding protein and the hormone inhibin Mediate the effect of testosterone and FSH

 Leydig cells (interstitial endocrinocytes) : the cluster of cells that lie in the space between adjacent seminiferous tubules. Secrete testosterone (the most prevalent androgen) The functions of androgen: Promote development of masculine characteristics Promote libido (sexual desire) in both male and female Scrotum The function of scrotum : regulate the temperature of the testes. Normal sperm production requires a temperature about 2-3oC below core body temperature. This lowered temperature is maintained within the scrotum because it is outside the pelvic cavity. The cremaster muscle elevates the testes upon exposure to cold (and during sexual arousal). This action moves the testes closer to the pelvic cavity, where they can absorb body heat. Exposure to warmth reverses the process. The dartos muscle also contracts in response to cold and relaxes in response to warmth

 Epididymis : The site where sperm mature acquire motility and the ability to fertilize an ovum Stores sperm and helps propel sperm by peristaltic contraction of this smooth muscle into the ductus (vas) deferens. Sperm may remain in storage in the ductus epididymis for a month or more Ductus deferens : Strores sperm, which can remain viable here for up to several months. Conveys sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra by peristaltic contractions of the muscular coat. Sperm that are not ejaculated are eventually reabsorb.

 Spermatic cord : A supporting structure that ascends out of the scrotum

Ejaculatory ducts : Eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretion to the prostatic urethra just before ejaculation

Urethra A passageway for both semen and urine Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Spongy (penile) urethra

Composition of semen
Seminal vesicle: Secrete: alkaline, viscous fluid (60% semen volume) containing fructose, prostaglandins, clotting proteins. Alkaline to neutralize the acidic environment. Fructose for ATP production of the sperm. Prostaglandin for sperm motility and viability, stimulate smooth muscle contraction within female. Clotting proteins for semen coagulation after ejaculation.

Composition of semen
Prostate: Secrete: milky, slightly acidic fluid (25 % semen volume ) Citric acid for ATP production. Proteolytic enzymes: prostate-specific antigen (PSA), pepsinogen, lysozyme, amylase, hyaluroindase (breakdown the clotting proteins from the seminal vesicles). Acid phosphatase: function unknown. Seminalplasmin: antibiotic. Bulbourethral gland: Secrete: alkaline fluid, mucus Alkaline fluid: protect the sperm by neutralizing acids from urine. Mucus: lubricates the end of the penis, lining the urethra decrease the number of sperm damaged during ejaculation.

Function of Penis
Erection: The Enlargement and Stiffening of the Penis : upon sexual stimulation, which may be visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory or imagined the artery supplying the penis dilate, and large quantities of blood enter the blood sinuses. Expansion of these spaces compresses the veins draining the penis so blood outflow is slowed. These vascular changes due to local release of nitric oxide and parasympathetic reflex

Ejaculation : Sympathetic reflex that make the smooth muscle sphincter at the base of urinary bladder closes so urine can expelled during ejaculation. On this action some semen expelled from penis. Ejaculation include emission and expulsion. The volume and sperm content of ejaculate depend on the length of time between ejaculations. The average human ejaculate contains about 180 million sperm but can be reach 400 million sperm, the semen ranging from 2-6 ml.

Hormonal Regulation of male reproductive system

At puberty secretion of GnRH is increased, GnRH stimulates FSH and LH, LH stimulates Leydig cells (interstitial cells) to secrete testosterone. In the external genitals and prostate, testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha reductase. FSH indirectly stimulate spermatogenesis. FSH and testosterone stimulate secretion of androgen-binding protein by Sertoli cells. Release of FSH is stimulated by GnRH and inhibited by inhibin. Relase of LH is stimulated by GnRH and inhibited by testosterone.

Effects of Testosterone and DHT: - Male pattern of development (before birth), - Enlargement of male sex organs and expression of male secondary sex characteristics (starting at puberty), - Anabolism (protein synthesis).

Regulation Hormon on Female Reproduction

Hormonal regulation of female reproductive cycle

Progesterone is secreted mainly by the corpus luteum Cooperates with estrogen to prepare and maintain the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum and to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion. High levels of progesterone also inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH. Inhibin is secreted by granullosa cells of growing follicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation. Inhibit secretion of FSH and to a lesser extent, LH.

Relaxin is secreted by corpus luteum (small quantity) to relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium. During pregnancy, the placenta produces much more relaxin, and it continues to relax uterine smooth muscle. At the end of pregnancy, relaxin also increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and may help dilate the uterine cervix, both of which ease delivery of the baby.

Terms related to Female Reproductive Cycle Ovarian cycle: a series of events in the ovaries that occur during and after the maturation of an oocyte. Uterine (menstrual) cycle: a concurrent series of changes in the endometrium of the uterus for receiving the fertilized ovum. Female reproductive cycle: encompass the ovarian and uterine cycles, hormonal changes, related cyclical changes in the breast and cervix

Hormonal Regulation GnRH stimulates FSH and LH. FSH initiates follicular growth, LH stimulates further development of the ovarian follicles. LH stimulates the theca cells to produce androgens. FSH influence androgens uptake by the granulosa cells to be converted into estrogens. At midcycle: LH triggers ovulation, promotes formation of the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum produces and secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin.

Female Reproductive Cycle

Phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle Menstrual Phase (Menstruation, Menses) Pre-ovulatory Phase (Proliferation Phase) Menstruation and Proliferation Phase= Follicular phase. Ovulation Post-ovulatory Phase (Secretory Phase)

Terms related to Female Reproductive Cycle Ovarian cycle: a series of events in the ovaries that occur during and after the maturation of an oocyte. Uterine (menstrual) cycle: a concurrent series of changes in the endometrium of the uterus for receiving the fertilized ovum. Female reproductive cycle: encompass the ovarian and uterine cycles, hormonal changes, related cyclical changes in the breast and cervix

Hormonal Regulation GnRH stimulates FSH and LH. FSH initiates follicular growth, LH stimulates further development of the ovarian follicles. LH stimulates the theca cells to produce androgens. FSH influence androgens uptake by the granulosa cells to be converted into estrogens. At midcycle: LH triggers ovulation, promotes formation of the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum produces and secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin.