The Petroleum Story

Agus S. Djamil & Kivuti Nyagah

Exploration & Technology Co-ordination Petroleum Unit Prime Minister Office

Negara Brunei Darussalam

Petroleum
=

Oil & Gas

=

Hydrocarbon ( C,H)

The Origin of Petroleum

Organic-rich Source Rock

Thermally Matured Organic Matter

Oil

Oil & Gas Generation

Material
Process

: Organic (Carbon & Hydrogen)

: Thermogenic (Heat) Biogenic (Biologic)

Dimension : Time (Geologic time, million years) Space (Environment)

Result

: Oil and Gas (Hydrocarbon)

HOW PETROLEUM IS

GENERATED ?

Cooking

Kitchen
Time

Material

Process

Basin

Heat

Organic Material Source for Petroleum

Organic materials (fossils, plant remains, shells, etc.) embedded in the sedimentary rock

Organic Material
Organic Material
Gas Plants

KEROGEN

Oil

Water Animals

Kerogen Types
Kerogen Type I
High grade algal sediment. Oil prone. Lacustrine. 1.5

Botryococcus resinite

: Hydrogen : Carbon ratio

II

Tasmanite dinoflagellates, chitinozoans etc. algal tissue, polelen, spores, cuticle

Kerogen Type II

1.0

III

collinite vitrinite telinite

Algal tissue, pollen, spores, plankton. Oil prone. Marginal marine.

Principal products of kerogen evolution

Kerogen Type III

Woody material. Gas prone. Swampy.

0.5

IV

Inertinite fusinite

CO2, H2O OIL GAS Evolution path

Kerogen Type IV

:
0 0.05

Any oxidized,recycled, source material. Less hydrocarbon.

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

Oxygen : Carbon ratio

Kerogen Source Examples

Heat from Deep in the Earth Interior

Heat
Core

Thermogenic Process
Migration of oil and gas to traps

GAS accumulation Oil accumulation

Source rock is being cooked

Every 30 meter down, the temperature will rise by 0.5 - 1.0 C. Oil and gas generally formed between 60 - 200 C.

Thermal generation of Petroleum

0

Hydrocarbon (percent)

100

50

Temperature (Celsius)

60 C

Oil and gas generally formed between 60-200 C in source rocks that are subjected to the right pressure for millions of years.

100

120 C
150 Oil generation Gas generation

200

Geologic Time
T I M E 50
Early

45
Middle

40
Late

35
Early

30

25
Late

20
Early

15
Middle

10
Late

5
PLIO PLEIST.
PLIOCENE Q

(Million Years Ago)

E O C E N E

OLIGOCENE

M I O C E N E

E P O C H

Hydrocarbon Maturation

Depocenter Geologic Time Source Rock containing Organic Material (Animal, Plant) Sedimentary Basin Processes: Physical, Chemical, Biological

Heat

WHERE TO

FIND
PETROLEUM ?

Big Pool Of Oil Down There ??

Big Pool of Oil

Big Pool of Oil

NO

Big Pool of Oil

Big Pool of Oil

Oil occupies the pore spaces in rocks

Reservoir rock Sand grain

Well path

Oil reservoir

Oil fills the pore space

Reservoir Quality Sandstone

Pores space (blue)

Good Porosity = Ample space for Petroleum to occupy

Reservoir Characteristics
Cement filled pore space
(pink)

Pore-filling cement reduces reservoir quality = Less space for petroleum to occupy

Petroleum System

Source Rock Reservoir Rock Seal Rock Maturation Migration Trapping Preservation

Petroleum System

Anticlinal Trap
Gas cap Oil

Top Seal Rock Reservoir Rock

Overburden preserves trap from erosion

Fault as potential migration path Source Rock Hydrocarbon Generation

350o F 120o F

Use of Aerial Photography

Compressional Mountain Range Thrust Zone Alluvial Fan Alluvial Fan

Aerial photo for rock variations depositional and structural patterns

geological detail checked visually in the field

Thrust Zone

Field Geological Investigations

Examining geological outcrops

Hydrocarbon Trap Types

Anticline Fault

Stratigraphic Pinchout

Unconformity

Salt Dome

Different Kind of Oil Traps

Traps :
Structural Anticlinal trap Fault trap Stratigraphic Combination

Anticlinal Trap

Fault Trap

Stratigraphic Trap

Combination Trap

Seismic Imaging of the Subsurface

Recording Truck Vibrator Truck (Energy Source) Geophone (Receivers)

Returning Sound Waves

Offshore 3D Seismic Data Acquisition

Specially designed vessels collect are used and collected data is processed simultaneously onboard the vessel. Further processing may take place at an onshore center.

3D Seismic Data

3D = 3 Dimensional. Seismic data is represented in a cubical format, so interpreter can study the subsurface image of earth from unlimited perspectives.

Earth Image of the earth as recorded from transmission and reflection of sound wave

Basic 3D Seismic Data Workstation Interpretation

GAS POCKET REGIONAL SHALE UNIT (SEAL)

ANTICLINAL OIL PLAY

SECOND POTENTIAL OIL POOL

SUBSTHRUST PLAY

Advanced 3D Seismic Data Interpretation

3D seismic cube is generated and interpreted on a workstation

3D Seismic Data Interpretation to identify Petroleum Prospects

Prospect A

Prospect B

Prospect C Using 3D Seismic data, subsurface topography is mapped to locate petroleum prospect

Petroleum Reservoir Modeling

1
Confined Flow

Hummocky Channel Levee

2
Basin floor fan
Lobate Mound Less Confined Flow

Ponded turbidites

3
Sheet-Form Fan

HOW TO OBTAIN PETROLEUM

FROM THE EARTH ?

Drilling the Well

Drilling the well targets the oil and gas reservoirs predicted by Geoscientists.
In offshore situations, different drilling rigs are used e.g. Jackup rigs, Semi-submersible rigs or Drilling ships.

Jackup rig

Semi submersible rig

Drilling Ship

Crown Block

The Drilling Rig

Mud Hose Kelly Table RotaryTable Mud Pump

Traveling Block Hook Swivel Swivel Draw W orks orks

Casing Drill Pipe

Bit

Completed Oil Well

Water Drive
Hydrostatic pressure pushes oil and gas to surface

Christmas Tree

Pipeline to Flow Process and Storage

Cement

Surface Casing Intermediate Casing

Gas-Cap Drive
Expansion of gas under pressure pushes oil to surface
Tubing

Production Casing

Dissolved-Gas Drive
Gas disseminated in oil; usually requires pumping
Completion Fluid Packer Cement Oil or Gas Zone Perforations

Well Fluids

Fluids Encountered During Drilling

OIL GAS

WATER

Seal rocks

Reservoir rocks

Oil, gas and water have different density. Oil has less density than water ( = 1 ) Gas has less density than oil

Basement rocks

Evaluating the Well for Petroleum-filled Sand Porosity

100000.00 9797 kPa 14696 kPa 10000.00 20819 kPa 29392 kPa 36739 kPa

Permeability

1000.00

100.00
Permeability

10.00

1.00

0.10

Reservoir sand unit with good porosity and permeability, filled with oil.

0.01

0.00 0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

Porosity Uniaxial

Porosity

Onshore Production

OIL

Donkey Pump

Offshore Production Systems

Systems of varying depth capability

Offshore Oil Production

Floating Storage Tanker Oil & Gas production platform

Production Well

Delivery and Storage at Onshore Terminus

Offshore platforms and distribution network

Onshore Terminus

Offshore Oil Production & Storage

Floating Platform Storage and Offloading

Brunei Production and Distribution Infrastructure

Maharaja Lela Gannet Ampa Fairley Rationalization Project Fairley Magpie Iron Duke Ampa Gadong Berakas Jerudong BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN Crude Oil or Condensate pipeline Natural Gas pipeline

Champion

Maura Port

Tali OPP BLNG Lumut Terminal Seria ( SCOT ) Rasau Refinery 10,000 bpd

CPP Lumut

Offshore facilities
Onshore facilities Power facilities

How Petroleum is

Refined, Processed
and

Distributed

Basic Oil Refining Process

Gasoline

Fuel Gas

Kerosene Jet Fuel

Heating Oil

Crude Oil Vapor

Lubricating Oil Residual Products: Asphalt

Liquid Crude Oil

Heavy Fuel Oil

Refining Oil and Gas

Crude Oil
Wet Gas

Natural Gas
Heating

Crude Oil Stabilizing

Separation Wet Gas Extraction

Electric Power

Propane Refining
Naphtha Gasoline Jet Fuel Heating Oil Heavy Fuel Oil Petrochemical

Butane
Dry Gas

Ethane
Energy Oxo-Processor Ammonia

Methanol

LNG Process
Acid Gas Removal

Liquefaction of Natural Gas. At Atmospheric pressure the volume of 1 kg Natural gas is 600 time larger than 1 kg LNG.

Scrub Column

Slug Catcher

Storage

Dehydration Liquefaction Fractionation

Liquefaction of gas is the preferred method to transport natural gas over long distances.

Shipping

LNG Export

Loading and shipping in tankers

Product Delivery for Domestic Uses

Bottled Cooking Gas

Motor gasoline

Aviation Fuel