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MAGNETIC LEVITATION

WHAT IS MAGNETIC LEVITATION?


A method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. Electromagnetic force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational force. Also called MAGLEV. Basically used in transportation(Maglev trains). Has the potential to be faster, quieter and smoother than wheeled trains.

AN EXAMPLE FOR MAGNETIC LEVITATION


A small (~6mm) piece of pyrolytic graphite levitating over a permanent neodymium magnet array (5mm cubes on a piece of steel). Note that the poles of the magnets are aligned vertically and alternate (two with north facing up, and two with south facing up, diagonally)

The 9 inch world globe contains a large magnet inside the top and a small magnet inside the bottom. The top of the stand contains a large iron core electromagnet. The bottom of the stand contains a Hall effect magnetic field strength sensor. This senses the position of the globe by sensing the field strength from the small magnet in the bottom of the globe. The sensor provides input to the feedback circuit which controls the current provided to the electromagnet in the top of the stand. This feedback control circuit holds the globe in mid air. It provides rock stable levitation.

METHODS TO OBTAIN MAGNETIC LEVITATION


Servo-stabilized electromagnetic suspension (EMS)-used in Maglev Trains. Electrodynamic suspension (EDS) Inductrack (in the future)- A completely passive, magnetic levitation system, using only unpowered loops of wire in the track and permanent magnets (arranged into Halbach arrays) on the vehicle to achieve magnetic levitation.

DIRECT DIAMAGNETIC LEVITATION


A

substance that is diamagnetic repels a magnetic field. All materials have diamagnetic properties, but the effect is very weak.
Diamagnetic

levitation can be used to levitate very light pieces of pyrolytic graphite or bismuth above a moderately strong permanent magnet.
As

water is predominantly diamagnetic, this technique has been used to levitate water droplets and even live animals, such as a grasshopper and a frog.

A live frog levitates inside a 32 mm diameter vertical bore of a Bitter solenoid in a magnetic field of about 16 teslas at the High Fiel Magnet Laboratory in Nijmegen the Netherlands.

SUPERCONDUCTORS
Superconductors

may be considered perfect diamagnets (r = 0), completely expelling magnetic fields due to the Meissner effect.
The

levitation of the magnet is stabilized due to flux pinning within the superconductor. This principle is exploited by EDS (electrodynamic suspension) magnetic levitation trains.
Superconductors

are sometimes proposed for use for the electromagnet, since they can produce a stronger magnetic field for the same weight.

Diagram of the Meissner effect. Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature.

MAGLEV (TRANSPORT)
Invented

by Alfred Zehden (German). Its a system of transportation that suspends, guides and propels vehicles, predominantly trains, using levitation from a very large number of magnets for lift and propulsion.

Transrapid Shanghai Maglev Train

THE MAGLEV TRACK


Magnetized coil running along the track is called a guideway, repels the large magnets on the train's undercarriage Allows the train to levitate between 0.39 and 3.93 inches (1 to 10 cm) above the guideway. Once the train is levitated, power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the guideway. The electric current supplied to the coils in the guideway walls is constantly alternating to change the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust. Trains float on a cushion of air, eliminating friction. This lack of friction and the trains' aerodynamic designs allow these trains to reach unprecedented ground transportation speeds of more than 310 mph (500 kph).

IMPORTANCE OF MAGLEV TRAINS


Has the potential to be faster, quieter and smoother than wheeled mass transit systems. Has the potential to exceed 4000 mph (6437 km/h) if deployed in an evacuated tunnel. If not deployed in an evacuated tube the power needed for levitation is usually not a particularly large percentage and most of the power needed is used to overcome air drag, as with any other high speed train. Highest recorded speed of a maglev train is 581 km/h (361 mph), achieved in Japan in 2003

TECHNOLOGY INVOLVED IN MAGLEV


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There are three primary types of maglev technology: Electromagnetic suspension (EMS) uses the attractive magnetic force of a magnet beneath a rail to lift the train up. electrodynamic suspension (EDS) uses a repulsive force between two magnetic fields to push the train away from the rail. Stabilized permanent magnet suspension (SPM) or Inductrack uses opposing arrays of permanent magnets to levitate the train above the rail.

ELECTRODYNAMIC SUSPENSION(EDS)
Both the rail and the train exert a magnetic field. Train is levitated by the repulsive force between these magnetic fields. Magnetic field in the train is produced by either electromagnets or by an array of permanent magnets (as in Inductrack). Repulsive force in the track is created by an induced magnetic field in wires or other conducting strips in the track.

At slow speeds, the current induced in these coils and the resultant magnetic flux is not large enough to support the weight of the train. Hence, the train must have wheels or some other form of landing gear to support the train until it reaches a speed that can sustain levitation. Propulsion coils on the guideway are used to exert a force on the magnets in the train and make the train move forward. The propulsion coils that exert a force on the train are effectively a linear motor. A.C. flowing through the coils generates a continuously varying magnetic field that moves forward along the track. Frequency of the A.C. is synchronized to match the speed of the train. Offset between the field exerted by magnets on the train and the applied field creates a force moving the train forward.

Illustration of how maglev propulsion works


EDS Maglev Propulsion via propulsion coils

EXISTING MAGLEV SYSTEMS


San Diego, USA Emsland, Germany JR-Maglev, Japan Linimo (Tobu Kyuryo Line, Japan) Southwest Jiaotong University, China Daejeon, Korea

Transrapid on testing center in Germany nearby Bremen

JR-Maglev (which is Maglev train in Japan)

Linimo train approaching Banpaku Kinen Koen, towards Fujigaoka Station in March 2005 JAPAN

PROPOSED SYSTEM IN INDIA

A maglev line project was presented to India's railway minister Lalu Prasad Yadav by an American company. If approved, this line would serve between the cities of Mumbai and Delhi, the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that if the line project is successful the Indian government would build lines between other cities and also between Mumbai centre and Chattrapati Shivaji International Airport. State of Maharashtra has also approved feasibility study for Maglev train between Mumbai, which is commercial capital of India and state govt capital and Nagpur, which is second capital of the state and about 1000 km away. It plans to connect developed area of Mumbai and Pune with Nagpur via underdeveloped hinterland via Ahmednagar, Beed, Latur, Nanded and Yavatmal.

DISADVANTAGES OF MAGLEV

Noise pollution Not compatible with conventional track Weight of the large electromagnets Maglev trains are not compatible with conventional track .Maglev trains are not compatible with existing steel tracks; therefore the entire line would have to be constructed from scratch. Steel wheel high speed trains can partially run on existing rail infrastructure/Row's. Strong magnetic fields onboard the train or along the tracks could be dangerous for people, computer laptop disks and credit/debit cards. The high speed of some maglev trains translates to more sound due to air displacement, which gets louder as the trains go faster. Barstow and Baker residents may find this unacceptable as the high speed train passes by their communities. As linear motors must fit within or straddle their track over the full length of the train, track design is challenging for anything other than point-topoint .

THANK YOU
Presentation by: Sunil Kumar Singh ECE-2-2 R.No. 08611A04B3

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