COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

I MADE RUSTIKA

Like all biological systems, cognition have two tendency : - organization - adaptation The process of adaptation is divided into two complementary component processes : - assimilation - accommodation

EQUILIBRATION
Piaget proposes that an organisms adaptation to its environment involves an equilibrium between the activity of the organism on its environment (assimilation), and the activity of the environment on the organism (accommodation).

THE STAGE OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT I. The Sensory-motor Stage (0 2 years) II. The Preoperational Stage (2 6 years)

III. The Concrete Operational Stage (6 11 years) IV. The Formal Operational Stage (11 years continues thereafter)

SIX STAGES OF SENSORY-MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

STAGE 1 (0-1 MONTHS) The infant comes into the world equipped with a variety of reflexes. Reflexes can be classified : 1. Unchanged Reflexes (e.g., the sneeze) 2. Disappear Reflexes (e.g., the Moro response) 3. Changes after constant exercise and repeated application to external objects and events (e.g., sucking, movement of the hand and arm). Cognitive development relate to number 3.

STAGE 2 (1 4 MONTHS)
This stage is marked by : The continued evolution of individual sensorymotor schemes The gradual coordination or integration of one schema with another Quasiimitative or preimitative

STAGE 3 (4 8 MONTHS)
This stage is marked by :

Operant conditioning The beginnings of genuine imitation

STAGE 4 (8 12 MONTHS)
The child intentionally exercises one scheme, as means, in order to make possible the exercise of another scheme as end or goal. The child can read sign of impending events that are not directly connected with his own behavior

STAGE 5 (12 18 MONTHS) Very active, purposeful, trial an error exploration of the real properties and potentialities of object Child would be likely to vary the means scheme in a deliberate accurate imitator

STAGE 6 (18 24 MONTHS) Child shows a beginning capacity to produce and comprehend one thing (e.g., a word) as standing for or symbolically representing some other thing. The child is now capable of deferred imitation Pretense or symbolic play makes its first appearance in stage 6 and continues to develop during the preschool years.

II. THE PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (2 6 YEARS) This stage the period of the conquest of the symbol Classification ability Egocentric Failure to show conservation ability

III. THE CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE (6 11 YEARS)

Conservation ability Reversibility ability

IV. THE FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE (11 years and continues thereafter) For the first time the childs thought is completely free from any dependence on concrete reality In forming such propositions, such hypotheses about the world, the childs thought can be seen to correspond to formal, scientific, logical thinking. The child can now think about his or her own thinking