The Reproductive System

Make gametes egg & sperm Deliver sperm Place for gametes to meet - fertilization Place for the embryo/fetus to grow Way to get out delivery Way to feed the newborn

Pelvic diaphragm layer 1

(deepest layer)
Levator ani

Pelvic diaphragm = levator ani + coccygeus Pelvic diaphragm is deepest layer of pelvic floor Pelvic floor has 3 layers

coccygeus

piriformis

Other muscles of pelvic floor layers 2 & 3

External Urethral sphincter

Middle layer Urogenital diaphragm

Urogenital triangle

Perineal membrane ischiocavernosus

Superficial Layer Superficial Perineal space

bulbospongiosus

External Anal sphincter

1. Pelvic diaphragm 2. Urogenital diaphragm 3. Superficial perineal space

Prolapsed uterus Cystocele Enterocele/rectocele

Labioscrotal swelling Urogenital fold

glans

Mesonephric ducts (red) Paramesonephric ducts (blue)

GUBERNACULUM Testes --- scrotum (round ligament)

Cryptorchidism: undescended testes (3%)

Parietal peritoneum Bladder, rectum Prostate gland

Pelvic diaphragm Testes, scrotum, penis Ductus (vas) deferens Urethra (prostatic, membranous, spongy)

Spermatic cord
ductus deferens arteries Pampiniform plexus nerves

Ductus deferens
epididymis Rete testes Efferent ductule

Tunica vaginalis (parietal & visceral layers)

Seminiferous tubules (spermatogenesis) Tunica albuginea Blood testes barrier

Keeping sperm at the Correct temperature Dartos muscle Cremaster muscle Testicular veins

vasectomy

Pathway of sperm

vasectomy

Prostatic urethra
ejaculatory ducts prostatic ducts prostatic utricle

Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct

Prostatic urethra Spongy urethra

Membranous urethra

Seminal vesicle

60% of semen fructose, fibrinogen & PGs

Prostate gland

30% of semen base, clotting enzymes & fibrinolysin base & lubricant

Bulbourethral gland

Dorsal view

Sperm Facts
It takes 74 days for sperm to mature Young men make 300,000 sperm/minute or 400 million/day Avg. sperm count 50-120 million sperm/mL Lower than 20-25 million/mL = infertility Sperm count has dropped over last 60 years
avg. 113 million/mL in 1940 avg. 66 million/mL today semen volume has decreased as well

Testicular cancer cancer of the testes most common in males age 15-35 abnormal mass in testes good survival rate if found early orchiotomy Lance Armstrong 1996 diagnosed with testicular cancer metastasized to lungs & brain 1997 clean bill of health 1999 won 1st Tour de France

Muscles: Bulbospongiosus ischiocavernosus

Superficial perineal space

Deep artery Fascia Crus corpus cavernosa Bulb corpus spongiosum (urethra) Glans with prepuce

Parasympathetic NS: vasodilation, gland secretion

Sympathetic NS: peristalsis, sphincter closure & muscle contraction (200 inches/sec)

Impotence: inability to achieve erection Infertility: low sperm count and/or viability

Parasympathetic nerves Nitric oxide

cGMP + -

Dilate vessels

Viagra

Alcohol Drugs Antidepressants Appetite suppressors Vascular problems Diabetes Stress

Gynecomastia: abnormally large breasts in male, hormonal imbalances

Fig. 26.23(TE Art)

Suspensory ligaments Areola

Superficial fascia

Pectoralis major muscle

Deep fascia

Nipple

Lactiferous duct

1. Glandular tissue glands & ducts 2. Connective tissue ligaments 3. Adipose tissue

Axillary tail

Retromammary space

Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the #1 (maybe #2 now) cause of death of women between the ages of 35-54 1.5% of breast cancer incidence and mortality occur in men (1300 cases, 400 deaths per year) Women in the US have a 1 in 8 lifetime risk of developing breast cancer
Age 20: Age 30: Age 40: Age 50: 1 in 1 in 1 in 1 in 2,187 258 67 (start having yearly mammograms) 38

Uterine tube ovary

peritoneum
uterus Cervix of uterus vagina bladder & urethra

Labia minora Labia majora clitoris

Recto-uterine pouch Vesico-uterine pouch

Parietal peritoneum

Recto-uterine pouch Vesico-uterine pouch

Ovary Uterine tube fimbriae infundibulum ampulla isthmus Uterus fundus body cervical canal cervix cervical glands endometrium myometrium

Vagina
Broad ligament Suspensory ligament of ovary Ovarian ligament

Tubal ligation

Round ligament

Uterine ligaments

Broad ligament

Suspensory Ligament of ovary

Ovarian ligament

Round ligament

Recto-uterine pouch Vesico-uterine pouch

Ectopic pregnancy

hysterosalpingogram

TDF No TDF glans CC & CS Labia minora scrotum Labia majora

glans

Clitoris with prepuce

hypospadias

Superficial perineal space (urogenital diaphragm deep)

Perineal membrane Clitoris glans & crus Vestibular bulb deep to labia majora Greater vestibular gland Ischiocavernosus muscle Bulbospongiosus muscle Paraurethral glands Vestibule of vagina