A method of finding out the amount of substances by measuring the

volumes of solutions.
known
A solution of accurately ___________ concentration ()

& dissolve in the distilled water
(i) weigh out known mass of solid
(ii) transfer all the content into
volumetric flask
(iii) add distilled water to volumetric
flask up to the mark
In chemistry, amount of substances are measured in moles, and volumes
are measured in dm
3
.
(1 dm
3
= _____cm
3
) 1000
Molarity (M) =
No. of moles of solute (mole)
Volume of solution (dm
3
)
Unit: M = mole / dm
3

No. of moles =
Mass
Molar Mass
Recall
Hence, No. of moles(mole) = Molarity(M) Volume of solution(dm
3
)
(Notes)
Molarity(M) Volume of solution(dm
3
) = No. of moles =
Mass
Molar Mass
e.g.1 What is the molarity of a solution containing 10g of sodium hydroxide
in 200 cm
3
of solution?
(Relative atomic masses: Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1)
No. of moles of NaOH
=
Molarity of NaOH solution
=
10g
10g
(23 + 16 + 1) g
?
= 0.25 mole
0.25 mole
0.25 mole
200
1000
dm
3

1 dm
3
= 1000cm
3

? dm
3
= 200cm
3

= 1.25 mole / dm
3

= 1.25 M
e.g.2 Calculate the mass of solute in each of the following solutions:
(Relative atomic masses: Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1, C = 12, Mg = 24)
Molarity(M) Volume of solution(dm
3
) = No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Mass
(a) 200cm
3
of 0.1M NaOH solution
200cm
3
0.1M ?
No. of mole of NaOH = 0.1M
200
1000
dm
3

= 0.02 mole
Mass of NaOH = 0.02 (23 + 16 + 1)g
0.02 mole
= 0.8 g
(b) 100cm
3
of 2.0M NaHCO
3
solution
No. of mole of NaHCO
3
= 2.0M
100
1000
dm
3

= 0.2 mole
Mass of NaHCO
3
= 0.2 (23 +1 + 12 + 316)g = 16.8 g
100cm
3
2.0M 0.2 mole
(c) 2dm
3
of 0.2M Mg(OH)
2
solution
No. of mole of Mg(OH)
2
= 0.2 M 2 dm
3

= 0.4 mole
Mass of Mg(OH)
2
= 0.4 [ 24 +2(16 + 1 ) ]g = 23.2 g
2 dm
3
0.2M 0.4 mole
9012. 150.0 cm
3
of 3.0M sodium hydroxide solution is mixed with 50.0 cm
3
of 1.0M
sodium hydroxide solution. The concentration of the resultant solution is
A. 2.0 M B. 2.5 M C. 3.3 M D. 4.0 M
p.4
No. of moles(mole) = Molarity(M) Volume of solution(dm
3
)
150 cm
3
3.0M
50 cm
3
1.0M
= 3.0M
150
1000
dm
3

Total no. of mole of NaOH
+ 1.0M
50
1000
dm
3

= 0.45 + 0.05 = 0.50 mole
Molarity (M) =
No. of moles of solute (mole)
Volume of solution (dm
3
)
Molarity of NaOH solution
=
0.50 mole
200
1000
dm
3

= 2.5 M
(150 + 50) cm
3
0.50 mole
9706. A 2.0 M sodium chloride solution is prepared by dissolving 11.7 g of sodium
chloride in distilled water. What is the volume of the solution formed?
(Relative atomic masses: Na = 23.0, Cl = 35.5)
A. 50 cm
3
B. 100 cm
3
C. 250 cm
3
D. 500 cm
3
p.5
9120. What is the number of moles of Fe
3+
ions in 0.1 dm
3
of 0.5 M Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
solution?
A. 0.1 0.5 B. 2 0.1 0.5
C. 0.1 0.5 6.02 10
23
D. 2 0.1 0.5 6.02 10
23
x x x x x x x
x x x
p.7
Molarity(M) Volume of solution(dm
3
) = No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Mass ? dm
3
2.0M 11.7g 0.2 mole
No. of moles of NaCl
=
11.7g
(23 + 35.5) g
= 0.2 mole
Volume of solution(dm
3
)
=
0.2 mole
2.0M
= 0.1 dm
3
= 100 cm
3
No. of moles(mole) = Molarity(M) Volume of solution(dm
3
)
0.1 dm
3
0.5M
No. of mole of Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
= 0.5 M 0.1 dm
3

No. of mole of Fe
3+
ions in Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3

Fe
3+

SO
4
2

Fe
3+

SO
4
2

SO
4
2

2 = 0.5 M 0.1 dm
3

To dilute a solution, we add water only.
- the volume of solution ____________
- the molarity of solution ____________
- the amount of solute is ____________
water
increase
decrease
unchanged
No. of moles(mole) = Molarity(M) Volume of solution(dm
3
) No. of mole of solute = = M
1
V
1
M
2
V
2

M
1
M
2

M
1
, M
2
= Molarity of solution before & after dilution
V
1
V
2

V
1
, V
2
= Volume of solution before & after dilution
e.g.3 25cm
3
of 5M sulphuric acid is diluted to 100cm
3
. What is the molarity
of the diluted solution? M
1
V
1
M
2
V
2
=
5M 25cm
3
= M
2
100cm
3

Molarity of the diluted solution M
2
=
5 25

100
= 1.25 M
e.g.4 600cm
3
of 1.5M hydrochloric acid is diluted to until the concentration
is 0.5M. (a) What is the volume of the diluted solution?
M
1
V
1
M
2
V
2
=
1.5M 600cm
3
= 0.5M V
2
(cm
3
)
Volume of the diluted solution V
2
=
1.5 600

0.5
= 1800cm
3
= 1.8dm
3

e.g.4 (b) What volume of water is used to dilute the original solution?
Volume of water added
= Volume of diluted() solution orginal() volume
= = =
1800cm
3
600cm
3
1200 cm
3
1.2 dm
3
9516. What volume of water is required to dilute 100 cm
3
of 8M hydrochloric acid to a
concentration of 2M?
A. 200 cm
3
B. 300 cm
3
C. 400 cm
3
D. 700 cm
3
9116. What volume of water should be added to 100cm
3
of 2 M hydrochloric acid to
change the acid concentration to 0.2 M?
A. 100 cm
3
B. 500 cm
3
C. 900 cm
3
D. 1000cm
3
p.5
p.4
M
1
V
1
M
2
V
2
=
8M 100cm
3
= 2M V
2
(cm
3
)
Volume of the diluted solution V
2
=
8 100

2
= 300cm
3

Volume of water added = 400cm
3
100cm
3
= 400 cm
3
M
1
V
1
M
2
V
2
=
2M 100cm
3
= 0.2M V
2
(cm
3
)
Volume of the diluted solution V
2
=
2 100

0.2
= 900cm
3

Volume of water added = 1000cm
3
100cm
3
= 1000 cm
3
Experiment called titration () is
carried out in volumetric analysis()
The main apparatus () used in titration
are:
1. Volumetric flask ()
volumetric flask
- to make up a solution to a certain
volume accurately (e.g. 250 cm
3
)
- for storage of ___________ solution
standard
burette
2. Burette ()
- to give ______________ volume accurately (e.g. 11 cm
3
, 26 cm
3
)
variable
- for _________________ solution
transferring
- to give a ___________ volume of solution accurately (e.g. 25cm
3
, 10cm
3
)
fixed
3. Pipette ()
pipette
4. Conical flask ()
conical flask
- narrow neck () to prevent spurting () when shaken ()
swirling ()
Question 1
Which apparatus would you use to give
(a) 10 cm
3
very accurately() _________________
(b) 10 cm
3
very approximately() _________________
(c) 25.0 cm
3
solution _________________
(d) 250 cm
3
solution _________________
(e) 12 cm
3
solution _________________
pipette ()
measuring cylinder ()
pipette ()
volumetric flask ()
burette ()
pipette ()
94 5(a) (i) Name the apparatus used to measure 25.0 cm
3
of the diluted solution.
(1 mark)
p.3
91 2(a) (i) Describe, giving the names of the apparatus used, how 25.0 cm
3
of the
vinegar should be diluted to 250.0 cm
3
.
(3 marks)
9508. In order to prepare 250 cm
3
of 0.10M sodium hydroxi de solution from 1.0M
sodium hydroxide solution, which of the following combinations of apparatus
should be used?
A. burette, measuring cylinder, pipette
B. conical flask, measuring cylinder, volumetric flask
C. burette, conical flask, wash bottle
D. pi pette, volumetric flask, wash bottle
p.2
p.5
M
1
V
1
M
2
V
2
=
1M V
1
cm
3
= 0.1M 250cm
3

Volume of the original solution V
1

=
0.1 250

1
= 25 cm
3
wash bottle
pipette
volumetric
flask
Use a pipette to transfer 25.0cm
3
of the solution
into a 250.0cm
3
volumetric flask
then add distilled water to the graduation mark
Acid + Alkali Salt + Water
(solution A)
known volume
? concentration
(to be calculated)
V
1
?M
1
(solution B)
known concentration

M
2
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
M
1
V
1
M
2
V
2
=
? \ \ ?
\
\
known
volume
25 cm
3

solution A
acid
known
concentration
(standard
solution)
solution B
alkali
salt + water
At the end point:
(neutral or slightly excess of alkali)

(colour in acidic) (colour in alkali)
indicator change colour
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
M
1
V
1
M
2
V
2
=
? \ \ ?
M
1
V
1
M
2
V
2

=
1
2
2 1 =
? volume ?V
2
(to be found by titration)
(1) A known volume (e.g. 25cm
3
) of solution A is
measured by _____________ and is placed in
the _________ _________
(4) Note the volume of solution B added.
(5) Repeat titration 2 or 3 times & the _____() reading is ignored().
(3) Add solution B from the ______________drop by drop
and _______() the conical flask until the indicator
just changes colour. This is end point of titration.
41.60
30.80

30.80
20.75

20.75
10.65

pipette ()
trial
tile
burette ()
(2) Acid - base indicator() is added.
conical flask ()
Average volume required =
10.05 + 10.10
2
= 10.075
swirl
with pipette filler
(ii) Do not blow out () last drop solution.
meniscus
()
(i) Meniscus() sit on the graduation mark.

10.80 10.05 10.10
9508. A student performed a titration experiment in which he added an acid from a
burette to an alkali contained in a conical flask. The following diagrams show
the initial and final readings of the burette.
What was the volume of the acid added from the burette to the conical flask?
A. 24.5 cm
3
B. 24.6 cm
3
C. 24.7 cm
3
D. 32.3cm
3
1
st
statement 2
nd
statement
9749. When filling a pipette with a solution, a
pi pette filler is preferred to sucking with
the mouth.
It is more accurate to fill a pi pette with a
solution by using a pi pette filler than by
sucking with the mouth.
p.5
p.6
8.3cm
3
32.3cm
3
7.7cm
3
33.7cm
3

\


C

0
50
7.7
0
50
32.3
32.3 7.7
An indicator() changes colour according to the pH.
Phenolphthalein and methyl orange are two common indicators.
Indicator
Phenolphthalein
Methyl orange
colour in acid colour in alkali
red yellow
Litmus
red blue
The change in colour at the end point is not very sharp()
colourless red
Universal indicator
neutral
end point
neutral
end point
No. of moles =
Mass
Molar Mass
e.g.1 In a titration, 25cm
3
of 0.01M hydrochloric acid neutralized 20cm
3
of
a sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate the molarity of the NaOH(aq).
Step 1: Balanced equation
Step 2: Convert() into no. of moles
Step 3: Using balanced equation, find no. of moles of other substances
Step 4: Convert into the desired unit (e.g. g , M , dm
3
)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
No. of mole of HCl
= 0.01M
25
1000
dm
3

= 0.00025 mole
No. of mole of HCl =
Molarity of NaOH(aq)
=
0.00025 mole
20
1000
dm
3

= 0.0125 mole / dm
3

= 0.0125 M
No. of mole of NaOH = 0.00025 mole
No. of moles = Molarity(M) Volume(dm
3
)

0.00025mole
25cm
3


0.01M
25cm
3


0.01M (HCl)
0.00025mole
? M 20cm
3


? M 20cm
3


(NaOH)
e.g.2 25cm
3
of 0.05M sulphuric acid were titrated against 0.1M sodium
hydroxide solution. Calculate the volume of NaOH(aq) required.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
M
1
V
1
M
2
V
2
=
\ \ \ ?
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
M
1
V
1
M
2
V
2
=
\ \ \ ?
M
1
V
1
M
2
V
2

=
1
2
2 1 =
No. of moles = Molarity Volume

Step 1: Balanced equation
Step 2: Convert() into no. of moles
Step 3: Using balanced equation, find no. of moles of other substances
Step 4: Convert into the desired unit (e.g. g , M , dm
3
)
No. of mole of H
2
SO
4

= 0.05M
25
1000
dm
3

Volume of NaOH(aq)
= = 0.025 dm
3
= 25 cm
3

2 No. of mole of H
2
SO
4
= No. of mole of NaOH = 2(0.00125) mole
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
25cm
3


0.05M
25cm
3


0.05M (H
2
SO
4
)
0.1M ? cm
3


0.1M ? cm
3


(NaOH)
0.0025 mole
0.1M
= 0.00125 mole
0.00125mole
= 0.0025 mole
0.0025mole
0.00125 mole 0.0025 mole
1.2 M
9229. After 50 cm
3
of 0.6 M H
2
SO
4
have completely neutralized 100 cm
3
of 0.6 M
NaOH, the concentration of the resulting sodium sulphate solution is
A. 0.2 M B. 0.3 M C. 0.6 M D.
0.12 g of sodium metal is added to a large volume of water. When the reaction
52
9313.

is completed, the resulting solution is treated with 0.2 M hydrochloric acid.
What is the volume of the acid required, to the nearest cm
3
, for complete
neutralization?
(Relative atomic mass : Na = 23)
A. 13 B. 26 C. 39 D.
p.4
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + NaOH(aq)
50cm
3
0.6M
100cm
3
0.6M
? cm
3
? M
Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
= 0.03 mole
= 0.6M
50
1000
dm
3

= 0.06 mole = 0.03 mole
( 50 + 100 ) cm
3
Molarity (M) =
No. of moles (mole)
Volume (dm
3
)
0.03 mole
150
1000
dm
3

=
= 0.2M
Na(s) + H
2
O(l) NaOH(aq) + H
2
(g)
2 2
2 2 2
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
? cm
3
0.2M
0.2 M
0.12g
Molarity(M) Volume of solution(dm
3
) = No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Mass
0.12g Na
23 g
0.0052 mole
= 0.0052 mole
= 0.0052 mole
0.0052 mole
0.0052 mole
0.2M HCl ? cm
3

0.0052 mole
Volume = = 0.026 dm
3
= 26 cm
3
No. of moles =
Mass
Molar Mass
9512. Which of the following pairs of solutions, when mixed, would give a neutral
solution?
A. 10 cm
3
of 1M sulphuric acid and 10 cm
3
of 1M sodium hydroxide solution.
B. 10 cm
3
of 1M sulphuric acid and 10 cm
3
of 2M sodium hydroxide solution.
C. 10 cm
3
of 2M sulphuric acid and 20 cm
3
of 1M sodium hydroxide solution.
D. 20 cm
3
of 2M sulphuric acid and 10 cm
3
of 2M sodium hydroxide solution.
p.5
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l) 2 2
1 : 1
1 : 2
2 : 2
4 : 2
\
No. of moles = Molarity Volume
(mole) (M) (dm
3
)
9118. 22 g of calcium carbonate are allowed to react with 200 cm
3
of 0.5 M
hydrochloric acid until no further reaction occurs. What is the mass of
calcium carbonate left behind?
(Relative atomic masses : C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.0)
A. 2 g B. 5 g C. 12 g D. 17 g
p.4
CaCO
3
(s) + HCl(aq) 2
200cm
3
0.5M
22 g excess
= 0.1 mole = 0.05 mole
? g
0.05 mole
? g
40 + 12 + 3 16
? g = 0.05 100
= 100
= 5 g
= 5 g
Mass left = 22 5 = 17 g
CaCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
No. of moles = Molarity Volume
(mole) (M) (dm
3
)
e.g.3 Titration of 25 cm
3
sodium hydroxide solution with 0.1M nitric acid
1st (tiral) 2nd 3rd 4th Burette reading (cm
3
)
Final reading
Initial reading
Volume of HNO
3
added
22.8 42.7 22.1 41.8
0.0 22.8 2.0 21.8
22.8 19.9 20.1 20.0
(a) Name an indicator for this reaction. _________________________
Name apparatus to withdraw 25.0cm
3
acid. ___________________
(b) Average volume of HNO
3
=
= 20.0 cm
3

Phenolphthalein / methyl orange
pipette
19.9 + 20.1 + 20.0

3
(c) Determine the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution.
Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

Step 4:
NaOH(aq) + HNO
3
(aq) NaNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
25cm
3
? M 0.1M
No. of mole of HNO
3

= 0.1M
20
1000
dm
3

= 0.002 mole
No. of mole of HNO
3
=
Molarity of NaOH(aq)
=
0.002 mole
25
1000
dm
3

= 0.08 mole / dm
3

= 0.08 M
No. of mole of NaOH = 0.002 mole
20 cm
3
e.g.4 8.3 g of a sample of hydrated sodium carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
nH
2
O) were
dissolved in water and the solution was made up to 250 cm
3
. 25cm
3

of this solution required 29.0cm
3
of 0.1M sulphuric acid for complete
reaction.
volumetric flask
(a) Name an apparatus to make up 250cm
3
solution. _________________
250 cm
3
8.3 g
Na
2
CO
3
nH
2
O
25 cm
3
0.1M
29 cm
3
Na
2
CO
3
(aq)
Na
2
CO
3
(aq)
H
2
SO
4

Na
2
CO
3

Na
2
CO
3
nH
2
O(s) H
2
O(l) Na
2
CO
3
(aq)
Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq)
8.3 g 250 cm
3
25 cm
3
29cm
3
0.1M
(b) Calculate n.
Step 1 :
Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
(b) Calculate n.
Step 2 :
Step 3 :


Step 4 :
No. of mole of H
2
SO
4

= 0.1M
29
1000
dm
3

= 0.0029 mole
No. of mole of H
2
SO
4
= No. of mole of Na
2
CO
3
in 25cm
3
= 0.0029 mole
No. of mole of Na
2
CO
3
in 250cm
3
= 10 0.0029 mole = 0.029 mole
0.0029 mole 0.0029 mole
contains 8.3 g Na
2
CO
3
nH
2
O
No. of moles =
Mass
Molar Mass
0.029 mole 8.3 g
23 2 + 12 + 3 16 + 18 n
0.029 =
8.3
23 2 + 12 + 3 16 + (12+16)n
n = 10.01
~ 10
0.029 mole
0.029 mole
9123. 1.55 g of a hydrated sodium carbonate, Na
2
CO
3
xH
2 O, react completely with 25
cm
3
of 1M hydrochloric acid. What is the value of x?
(Relative atomic massed: H = 1.0; C = 12.0; O = 16.0; Na = 23.0)
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 10
9714. The formula of a metal carbonate is X
2
CO
3
. 100 cm
3
of a solution containing
0.69 g of the carbonate requires 50 cm
3
of 0.20 M hydrochloric acid for complete
reaction. What is the relative atomic mass of metal X?
(Relative atomic masses : C = 12.0, O = 1 6.0)
A. 19.0 B. 23.0 C. 39.0 D. 78.0
p.5
p.4
Na
2
CO
3
nH
2
O(s) + HCl(aq)
1.55g 25cm
3
1M
NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g) 2 2
(n+1)
No. of moles = Molarity Volume
(mole) (M) (dm
3
)
= 0.025 mole = (0.025) mole
= 0.0125 mole
No. of moles =
Mass
Molar Mass
0.0125 mole 1.55 g
23 2 + 12 + 3 16 + 18 n
0.0125 =
1.55
23 2 + 12 + 3 16 + (12+16)n
n = 1
X
2
CO
3
(s) + HCl(aq) XCl(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g) 2 2
0.69g 100cm
3
50cm
3
0.2M
No. of moles = Molarity Volume
(mole) (M) (dm
3
)
= 0.01mole = (0.01) mole
= 0.01mole
No. of moles =
Mass
Molar Mass
0.005 mole 0.69 g
X 2 + 12 + 3 16
X = 39
0.005 =
0.69
X 2 + 12 + 3 16
9816. The formula of a solid dibasic acid is H
2
X. 2.88g of the acid is dissolved in
some distilled water and the solution is then diluted to 250.0cm
3
with distilled
water. 25.0cm
3
of the diluted solution requires 16.0cm
3
of 0.40M sodium
hydroxide solution for complete neutralization. What is the molar mass of
H
2
X?
A. 22.5g B. 45.0g C. 90.0g D.
180.0g
p.6
of
9409. A metal X forms a hydroxide XOH. 1.12 g of XOH were dissolved in some
distilled water and then made up to 250 cm
3
with distillated water. 25 cm
3
this solution required 20.0 cm
3
of 0.10M hydrochloric acid for complete
neutralization. What is the relative atomic mass of X?
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0; O = 16.0)
A. 23.0 B. 24.0 C. 39.0 D. 40.0
p.4
XOH(s) H
2
O(l) XOH(aq)
XOH(aq) + HCl(aq)
1.12g 250 cm
3
25 cm
3
20cm
3
0.1M
XCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
No. of moles = Molarity Volume
(mole) (M) (dm
3
)
= 0.002 mole = 0.002 mole
No. of moles =
Mass
Molar Mass
0.02 mole 1.12 g
X + 16 + 1
X = 39 0.02 =
1.12
X + 16 + 1
H
2
X(s) H
2
O(l) H
2
X(aq)
H
2
X(aq) + NaOH(aq)
2.88g 250 cm
3
25 cm
3
16cm
3
0.4M
Na
2
X(aq) + H
2
O(l)
No. of moles = Molarity Volume
(mole) (M) (dm
3
)
= 0.0064 mole = (0.0064) mole
= 0.032 mole
No. of moles =
Mass
Molar Mass
0.032 mole 2.88 g
Molar mass = 90 0.032 =
2.88
Molar mass
2 2
= 0.0032 mole
= 0.02 mole = 0.02 mole
= 0.032 mole
The student carried out a titration experiment to determine the concentration of
ethanoic acid in Brand B as follows:
25.0 cm
3
of the vinegar was first diluted to 250.0 cm
3
with distilled
water. 25.0 cm
3
portions of the diluted solution were then titrated
against 0.10M sodium hydroxide solution, using a suitable indicator ,
until the end-point was reached.
The following results were obtained:
Titration
Burette reading
1 2 3
Final reading (cm
3
) 25.50 25.70 26.20 25.90
Initial reading (cm
3
) 0.00 1.00 1.30 1.10
91 2(a)
4
(ii) Suggest a suitable indicator for this titration and state its colour change at
the end-point.
(iii Based on the titration results, calculate a reasonable average for the
volume of the sodium hydroxide solution used .
(iv) Write the equation for this titration. (Ionic equations will not be
accepted.)
(v) Calculate the molarity of ethanoic acid in Brand B.
(7 marks)
p.2
25cm
3

? cm
3

phenolphthalein (Not accept: methyl orange)
= 24.8 cm
3

CH
3
COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)
H
2
O(l) + CH
3
COONa(aq)
(25.71) + (26.21.3) + (25.91.1)
3
CH
3
COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) H
2
O(l) + CH
3
COONa(aq)
24.8cm
3
0.1M
NaOH
diluted
vinegar
0.1M
CH
3
COOH(aq) H
2
O CH
3
COOH(aq)
25 cm
3
diluted
No. of mole of NaOH
= 0.1M
24.8
1000
dm
3

= 0.00248 mole
Molarity of Brand B
=
0.0248 mole
25
1000
dm
3

= 0.992 M
No. of mole of NaOH = No. of mole of CH
3
COOH in 25cm
3
= 0.00248 mole
No. of mole of CH
3
COOH in 250cm
3
= 0.0248 mole No. of mole in 25cm
3
brand B =
25 cm
3
250 cm
3
Brand B diluted


0.00248 mole 0.00248 mol
0.0248 mol 0.0248 mol
91 2(a) A student wished to find out which of the two commercial brands of vinegar, A
and B, was the better buy , i.e. of lower price per gram of ethanoic acid
(CH
3
COOH). The following table listed some of the information about these
two brands:
Brand Price Volume of vinegar Concentration of ethanoic acid
A $3.00 250 cm
3
50 g dm
3
B $6.00 500 cm
3
UNKNOWN
(vi) Show by calculation , which brand of vinegar is the better buy .
(Relative atomic masses : H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
(3 marks)
p.2
0.992 M mole / dm
3

Brand Mass of CH
3
COOH in a bottle Price per garm of CH
3
COOH
A
B
50g dm
-3
= 12.5 g
60 g mol
-1
= 29.76g
$ 3
12.5g
= $ 0.24 / g
$ 6
29.76g
= $ 0.20 / g
Brand B has lower price per gram of CH
3
COOH. B is better buy.
250
1000
dm
3
Molar mass of CH
3
COOH
= 12 + 1 3 + 12 + 16 2 + 1 = 60 g

500
1000
dm
3
0.992M
mole / dm
3

conical
flask
(2)
98 6(a) (i) A student prepared sodium nitrate solution by reacting 1M sodium
hydroxide solution with dilute nitric acid. The student carried out a
titration to determine the amount of dilute nitric acid required to react
with a known volume of 1M sodium hydroxi de solution.
(1) Write the chemical equation for the reaction. (An ionic equation will
NOT be accepted for this equation.)
(2) Draw a labelled diagram for the set-up of the titration.
(3) Phenolphthalein can be used to determine the end point of the
titration. State the colour change at the end point.
(4) Suggest how the student can prepare a sodium nitrate solution using
the titration results.
(6 marks)
Ch.12
p.3
(1) NaOH(aq) + HNO
3
(aq) NaNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
25cm
3

? cm
3

1M
NaOH
HNO
3

dilute
phenolphalein
acidic alkaline
(3) red (pink) to colourless
(4) Note down the volume of HNO
3
used at the end point
(when indicator changes colour)

Repeat (without adding indicator) and add the same
volume of HNO
3
used at the end point.
NaNO
3
solution is now prepared.
90 3(b) The formula of a weak alkanoic acid can be represented by
C
n
H
2n+1
CO
2
H (where n is an integer).
A sample of the alkanoic acid weighing 0.355 g was dissolved in about 20 cm
3

of
water in a conical flask. The solution was then titrated against a 0.180M
sodium hydroxide solution. A total of 22.40 cm
3
of the alkali was required for
complete neutralization.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term weak acid?
(ii) Describe how the end-point in this titration can be determined.
(iii) Calculate (1) the number of moles of sodium hydroxide used for the
titration.
(2) the relative molecular mass of the alkanoic acid.
(iv) (1) Deduce the molecular formula of the alkanoic acid.
[Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0]
(10 marks)
p.1
22.4 cm
3

NaOH
0.18M

partly ionized to give H
+
ions
(ii) add indicator (phenolphthalein), colour changes
from __________ to __________ at the end point.
colourless
red (pink)
phenolphalein
acidic alkaline
(iii) C
n
H
2n+1
CO
2
H + NaOH H
2
O + C
n
H
2n+1
CO
2
Na
0.355g 20cm
3

0.18M 22.4cm
3

(1) No. of mole of NaOH
= 0.18M
22.4
1000
dm
3

(2) No. of mole of NaOH = No. of mole of C
n
H
2n+1
CO
2
H = 0.004032 mole
No. of moles =
Mass
Molar mass
0.004032 mole 0.355g
Molecular mass = 88 0.004032 =
0.355
molecular mass
no unit
with unit (g)
Molecular mass of C
n
H
2n+1
CO
2
H = 88
12n + 1(2n + 1) + 12 + 216 + 1 = 88
n = 3
Molecular formula is C
3
H
7
CO
2
H
alkanoic
acid
0.355g
20 cm
3

= 0.004032 mole
0.004032 mole
0.004032 mole
89 2(a) Antacid tablets are used to relieve pains caused by excess acid in the stomach.
The label (in English and Chinese) on a brand of antacid, called onsonant? is
shown in the diagram below:
(v) On the label, it was recommended that the tablets should be chewed
before swallowing. Suggest an explanation for this.
(vi) Antacid tablets containing calcium carbonate are seldom used nowadays.
Instead, magnesium hydroxide is usually used as the active ingredient.
Based on the reactions involved, suggest one reason why magnesium
hydroxide is preferred to calcium carbonate.
(4 marks)
p.1

(v) to give more surface area() faster rate of reaction
(faster relief of pain)
(vi) CaCO
3
(s) + 2H
+
(aq) Ca
2+
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
Mg(OH)
2
(s) + 2H
+
(aq) Mg
2+
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
Mg(OH)
2
(s) does not produce CO
2
(g) /
no pressure is built up / more comfortable
HCl
antacid
powder
standard
The following experiment was performed by a student to find out the amount of
calcium carbonate in such a tablet:
Steps:
(1) A tablet was weighed and ground to a powder, and then added to a
conical flask containing some distilled water.
(2) A few drops of methyl orange indicator were added to the flask.
Standard hydrochloric acid was then added from a burette in small
portions, with swirling.
(3) On adding each portion of the acid, the solution in the flask first
turned pink and then yellow upon swirling. Effervescence was also
observed.
(4) More acid was adde d until a permanent pink colour was just
observed.
89 2(a)
Experimental Results:
Mass of one tablet = 1.20 g
Volumetric of the hydrochloric acid = 15.2 cm
3
Concentration of the hydrochloric acid = 1.00 M
(i) Explain the meaning of the term Standard in step (2).
(ii) In step (3), explain
(1) the colour changes in the solution.
(2) why effervescence was observed.
(iii) In step (4), explain why a permanent pink colour was observed.
(iv) Calculate the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in one antacid
tablet.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.0)
(9 marks)
p.1


concentration is known
methyl orange
acidic alkaline
Acid is added, the region is still acidic and turn pink
CO
2
gas is evolved
On swirling, acid is neutralized excess antacid gives yellow colour
1.20 g
15.2 cm
3

1 M
CaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
CaCO
3
? g
CaCO
3
?g
All antacid is neutralized, slight excess of
acid makes the solution turns pink
1.2g contains ? g 1M 15.2cm
3

No. of mole of HCl
= 1M
15.2
1000
= 0.0152
No. of moles =
Mass
Molar mass
0.0076 mole ? g
No. of mole of CaCO
3

= 0.0152 mole = 0.0076
Mass of CaCO
3
= 0.0076 (40 + 12 + 316) = 0.76 g
% by mass of CaCO
3
=
0.76
1.2
100% = 63.3%
0.0152mole 0.0076mole
9227. The following experimental results were obtained when 2 M HCl was allowed to
react separately with 2 M NaOH and 2 M KOH:
Expt. No. Volume of acid Volume of alkali Rise in temperature
1 100 cm
3
of 2 M HCl 100 cm
3
of 2 M NaOH T
1
0
C
2 200 cm
3
of 2 M HCl 200 cm
3
of 2 M NaOH T
2
0
C
Which of the following is correct?
A. T
1
= T
2
B. T
1
= 2T
2
C. 2T
1
= T
2
D. 4T
1
= T
2
p.4
p.5
NaOH
HCl
NaCl
+ H
2
O
gives 2E
gives E
E = energy
in 200cm
3

in 400cm
3

maximum temperature is
reached when H
2
SO
4
,NaOH
are completely reacted.(End point)
Question 9430 and 9431 refer to the following experiment on a thermometric titration.
A sulphuric acid solution is titrated against 25.0 cm
3
of 3.0M sodium hydroxide solution.
The results of the thermometric titration can be represented by the following graph:
0 10 20 30 40 50
9430. The concentration of the sulphuric acid solution is
A. 1.00 M B. 1.25 M C. 2.50 M D. 5.00 M
9431. Which of the following statement(s) is /are correct ?
(1) The temperature rises from X to Y because the reaction between the
sulphuric acid solution and sodium hydroxide solution is exothermic.
(2) The temperature drops from Y to Z because water is formed in the reaction
between the sulphuric acid solution and sodium hydroxide solution.
(3) Z corresponds to the end point of the titration.
A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) D.
(2) & (3)
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

Volume of sulphuric acid solution / cm
3
X
Y
Z

H
2
SO
4
(aq) + NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l) 2 2
?M 30cm
3
3M 25cm
3

0.075 mole 0.0375 mole
0.0375 mole
30
1000
dm
3

= 1.25 M Molarity of Brand B =
\


0.1 2 = 0.2 mole 0.1 2 = 0.2 mole
0.2 2 = 0.4 mole 0.2 2 = 0.4 mole
9610. A student added 16 cm
3
of 2M sodium hydroxide solution, in 2 cm
3
portions, to
10 cm
3
of 2M nitric acid. He measured the temperature of the mixture
immediately after each addition of the sodium hydroxide solution.
Which of the following graphs represents the relationship between the
temperature of the mixture and the volume of sodium hydroxide solution
added?
A. C.
B. D.
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Volume of NaOH(aq) adde d
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Volume of NaOH(aq) adde d
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Volume of NaOH(aq) adde d
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Volume of NaOH(aq) adde d
p.6
9014. Which of the following statements concerning 25 cm
3
of 1 M hydrochloric acid
and 25 cm
3
of 1 M ethanoic acid is / are correct?
(1) They give the same colour change when the same quantity of universal
indicator is added.
(2) They react with marble chips at the same rate when the initial temperature
are the same.
(3) They require the same number of moles of sodium hydroxide for complete
neutralization.
A. (1) only B. (3) only C. (1) and (2) D.
(2) & (3)
9219. Solution X is 45 cm
3
of 1.2 M HCl and Solution Y is 60 cm
3
of 0.9 M CH
3
COOH.
Which of the following statements concerning X and Y is correct?
A. X has a higher pH value than Y.
B. Both X and Y need the same volume of 1 M NaOH for neutralization.
C. Both X and Y have the same electrical conductivity.
D. Y has a faster rate of reaction with marble chips than X.
1
st
statement 2
nd
statement
9349. 100 cm
3
of 1M hydrochloric acid react
with excess magnesium ribbon at the
same rate as 100 cm
3
of 1M sulphuric
acid.
Both acids contain the same
concentration of H
+
(aq) ions.
9433. Which of the following statements concerning 25.0 cm
3
of 0.1 M hydrochloric
acid and 25.0 cm
3
of 0.1 M ethanoic acid is /are correct ?
(1) They contain the same number of hydrogen ions.
(2) They require the same volume of 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution for
complete neutralization.
(3) They react with excess zinc granules at the same rate.
A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) D.
(2) & (3)
p.4
p.6
strong acid
weak acid
(100% H
+
ions)
(0.4% H
+
ions)
\


CaCO
3

1 HCl(aq) + 1 NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq + H
2
O(l)
1 CH
3
COOH(aq) + 1 NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq + H
2
O(l)
1M 25cm
3
pH = log [H
+
]
more acidic, lower pH

0.9M 0.06dm
3

= 0.054 mole
1.2M 0.045dm
3

= 0.054 mole
\

0.9M, lower concentraqtion, slower rate



HCl H
+
+ Cl

H
2
SO
4
2H
+
+ SO
4
2
1M 0.1dm
3

= 0.1 mole
0.2 mole
0.1 mole


D
\
93 1(b) Liquid wastes discharged from some factories are acidic and need to be
neutralized before discharging into the sea. A certain factory used slaked
lime (calcium hydroxi de) to neutralize its liquid waste, which consisted of 0.5 M
hydrochloric acid, discharging at a rate of 20 dm
3
per minute.
(i) Why are the liquid wastes neutralized before discharging into the sea?
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and slaked
lime.
(iii) Calculate the mass of slaked lime required per minute to neutralize the
acid present in the liquid wastes.
(iv) Although slaked lime is cheaper, factories nowadays use sodium
carbonate instead of slaked lime to neutralize their acidic liquid wastes.
Suggest a reason.
(Relative atomic masses : H = 1.0; O = 16.0; Ca = 40.0)
(6 marks)
p.3

H
2
O(aq) + CaCl
2
(aq) 2 2
Acids harmful to sea lives
HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)
2
(aq) (ii)
0.5M 20dm
3

per minute
? g
per minute
(iii) No. of mole of HCl per minute = 10 moles
10 moles 5 moles
No. of moles =
Mass
Molar mass
5 moles ? g
No. of mole of Ca(OH)
2
per minute = 0.01 mole = 5 moles
Mass of Ca(OH)
2
per minute = 5 [40 + 2 (16 + 1)]
= 370 g
= 0.5 M 20 dm
3

1000
(iv) Slaked lime Ca(OH)
2
is slightly soluble, and reaction rate is slower.
Ca
2+

Calcium ions forms a number of insoluble salts (CaSO
4
)
Sodium carbonates does not form insoluble salt and is more soluble.
So, it reacts faster with acid.
96 9(b) (iv) In a copper-plating factory, the waste water is treated with sodium
hydroxide solution to remove the copper(II) ions present before discharge.
(1) Suggest TWO reasons why it is necessary to remove the copper(II)
ions from the waste water before discharge.
(2) 20.0dm
3
of a sample of waste water require 3.5dm
3
of 8.0M sodium
hydroxide solution for complete removal of the copper(II) ions present.
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm
-3
, of copper(II) ions in the
sample.
(4 marks)
p.3
(1) Heavy metal ions harmful to sea lives
To recycle() copper metal ions
Cu
2+

M
(2) Cu
2+
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Cu(OH)
2
(s) + 2Na
+
(aq)
Cu
2+
(aq) + 2OH

(aq) Cu(OH)
2
(s)
8M 3.5dm
3
?M 20dm
3
No. of mole of NaOH = 8M 3.5dm
3

1000
= 28 moles
28 moles 14 moles
Molarity (M) =
No. of moles (mole)
Volume (dm
3
)
20dm
3
14 moles
= = 0.7M
94 5(a) A domestic drain cleaner named RAINBOW contains concentrated sulphuric
acid as the active ingredient. A student carried out the following experiment to
determine the concentration of sulphuric acid in RAINBOW.
1.0 cm
3
of RAINBOW was diluted to 500 cm
3
with distilled water. 25.0 cm
3
of
the diluted solution were measured and transferred to a conical flask. The
solution in the flask required 18.2 cm
3
of 0.10 M sodium hydroxi de solution for
complete neutralization.
(i) Name the apparatus used to measure 25.0 cm
3
of the diluted solution.
(ii) Calculate the molarity of sulphuric acid in RAINBOW.
(iii) Suggest ONE disadvantage of using RAINBOW for cleaning drains.
(iv) State ONE safety precaution needed when using RAINBOW. Explain
your answer.
(6 marks)
p.3
pipette
(not diluted)
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l) 2 2
H
2
SO
4
(aq) H
2
O(l) H
2
SO
4
(aq)
500 cm
3
1 cm
3
RAINBOW

18.2cm
3
0.1M 25 cm
3
0.00091 mole
No. of mole of NaOH
= 0.1M
18.2
1000
dm
3

= 0.00182 mole
= 0.00182 mole
No. of mole of H
2
SO
4
in 25cm
3
diluted acid = 0.00182
= 0.00091 mole
No. of mole of H
2
SO
4
in 500cm
3
diluted acid = 0.00091
500
25
No. of mole of H
2
SO
4
in 1cm
3
RAINBOW = 0.0182 mole
Molarity (M) =
No. of moles (mole)
Volume (dm
3
)
0.0182 mole
= = 18.2M
dm
3
1000
1
diluting conc.H
2
SO
4
gives
large amount of heat
conc.H
2
SO
4
attack metal drainage
pipes /

(iii)
Wear gloves
(conc.H
2
SO
4
is corrosive)

(iv)
= 0.0182 mole
0.0182 mole 0.0182 mole
How to obtain LARGE crystal () of salt?
To obtain large crystals, slow evaporation should be empolyed.
steam
NaCl(aq)
1. Concentrate() the solution by steam bath
so as to obtain a ______________ solution
saturated
3. As water slowly evaporates, the crystals coming out
4. The crystals is collected by filtration; washed & dried in air.
2. Cool down the solution at room temperature
25
o
C
Describe how large crystals of ammonium sulphate (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

can be prepared from an aqueous solution of ammoniaNH
3
(aq)
in school laboratory. (HKCEE 95 Q.5 Essay) (9 marks)
(a) Name the acid and alkali you will use. 1
(b) Write a full equation for the reaction.
(c) How to know the end-point of the neutralization? 1
(d) How to obtain large crystals of salt?
(e) Draw diagram where appropriate.
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2 NH
4
+
(aq) + 2OH

(aq)
2H
2
O(l) + (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(aq)
Titrate() ammonia solution with sulphuric acid until the end-point
is reached. (Add sulphuric acid to ammonia in mole ratio of 1 : 2.)
Adding suitable indicator, it changes colour when end-point is reached.
Evaporate excess water (Heat) to obtain a saturated solution 2
Cool the saturated solution slowly to obtain large crystals of salt.
(Hang a small crystal as seed to obtain large crystals) 1
Filter the saturated solution to obtain the crystals. 1
92 1(a) A student tried to prepared a sample of a solid salt by reacting copper(II) oxide
with sulphuric acid in the laboratory as shown in the diagram below.
The student wrote the following procedure of the experiment in her notebook:
I. Excess copper(II) oxide was added to 50.0 cm
3
of 2.0 M sulphuric acid
in a beaker.
II. The mixture was heated for 2 minutes, and was stirred continuously
during this time.
III. The remaining copper(II) oxide was filtered off.
IV. The filtrate was allowed to cool for one day.
(i) Refe rring to the above diagram, write down TWO aspects that are
considered UNSAFE in the laboratory.
(ii) (1) Name the salt the student tried to prepare.
(2) Calculate the theoretical mass of the salt that can be obtained.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0; O = 16.0; S = 32.0; Cu = 63.5)
(iii) Explain why the student heated the reaction mixture in step II.
(iv) The student followed exactly the procedure writtern in her notebook, but
did not obtain any SOLID salt after one day. Suggest an explanation.
(8 marks)
p.2

(i) bottle too close to bench edge
bottle not stoppered
hair not tied up
unclear label
CuO + H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
base acid salt water
(ii) (1) Copper(II) sulphate

(2) 50cm
3
2M ? g
No. of mole of H
2
SO
4

= 2M
50
1000
dm
3

= 0.1 mole
= 0.1 mole
(Not accept:
copper sulphate)
0.1 mole
No. of moles =
Mass
Molar mass
0.1 mole ? g
Mass of CuSO
4

= 0.1 ( 63.5 + 32 + 416 )
= 15.95 g
(iii) to speed the reaction
to produce a saturated solution

(iv) The solution is not saturated / The heating in step II is not enough
gives out gas bubbles
63.5)
97 7(a) Malachite( ) is a mineral containing copper(II) carbonate and copper(II)
hydroxide. It is insoluble in water but reacts with dilute sulphuric acid. The
procedure for preparing copper(II) sulphate crystals from malachite is as
follows:
Step 1 Pour 50 cm
3
of 2M sulphuric acid in a beaker and then warm the acid.
Step 2 Add small portions of powdered malachite to the warm acid while
constantly stirring, until effervescence stops and some powdered
malachite remains in the beaker.
Step 3 Remove the remaining powdered malachite from the solution.
Step 4 Evaporate the solution slowly to obtain copper(II) sulphate crystals.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction which causes the effervescence.
(ii) Why is it necessary to add powdered malachite until some of it remains in
the beaker.
(iii) Draw a labelled diagram to show how the remaining powdered malachite
can be removed from the solution.
(iv) Calculate the theoretical mass of copper(II) sulphate crystals, CuSO
4
5H O
2
that can be obtained.
(Relative atomic ma sses : H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, S = 32.1, Cu =
(8 marks)
p.3
CuCO
3

Cu(OH)
2

CuSO
4
+ . . .
CuSO
4
+ . . .

+ H
2
SO
4

+ H
2
SO
4

CuCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Malachite is in excess / to ensure all H
2
SO
4
is used up
collection
of filtrate
(1 mark)
Filter paper
(1 mark)
Funnel (0.5)
residue

(0.5)
CuSO
4
5H
2
O

CuCO
3

Cu(OH)
2

CuSO
4
5H
2
O + . . .
CuSO
4
5H
2
O

+ . . .
+ H
2
SO
4

+ H
2
SO
4

(x+y) mole (x+y) mole
50cm
3
2M ? g
No. of mole of H
2
SO
4

= 2M
50
1000
dm
3

= 0.1 mole
= 0.1 mole
0.1 mole
No. of moles =
Mass
Molar mass
0.1 mole ? g
Mass of CuSO
4
5H
2
O = 0.1 [63.5 + 32 .1 + 416 + 5(42 + 16)]
= 24.96 g
(no unit 1 mark)