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EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 5th edition Scott K. Powers & Edward T. Howley
Presentation revised and updated by
Objectives
Describe the changes in atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and air density with increasing altitude Describe how altitude affects sprint performances and explain why that is the case Explain why distance running performance decrease at altitude Draw a graph to show effect of altitude on VO2 MAX and list reasons for this response Graphically describe effect of altitude on the HR and ventilation responses to submaximal work, and explain why these changes are appropriate
Objectives
Describe the process of adaptation to altitude, and the degree to which this adaptation can be complete Explain why such variability exists among athletes in the decrease in VO2 MAX upon exposure to altitude, the degree of improvement in VO2 MAX at altitude, and the gains made upon return to sea level Describe potential problems associated with training at high altitude and how one might deal with them Explain the circumstances that caused physiologists to reevaluate their conclusions that humans could not climb Mount Everest without oxygen
Objectives
Explain the role that hyperventilation plays in helping to maintain a high oxygen-hemoglobin saturation at extreme altitudes List and describe the factors influencing the risk of heat injury Provide suggestions for the fitness participant to follow to minimize the likelihood of heat injury Describe in general terms the guidelines suggested for running road races in the heat Describe three elements in the heat stress index, and explain why one is more important than the other two
Objectives
List the factors influencing hypothermia Explain what Windchill Index is relative to heat loss Explain why exposure to cold water is more dangerous than exposure to air of the same temperature
Objectives
Describe the role of subcutaneous fat and energy production in the development of hypothermia List the steps to follow to deal with hypothermia Explain how carbon monoxide can influence performance, and list the steps that should be taken to reduce the impact of pollution on performance
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Altitude
Atmospheric pressure
Decreases at higher altitude
Partial pressure
Same percentages of O2, CO2, and N2 in the air Lower partial pressure of O2, CO2, and N2 Hypoxia: low PO2 (altitude) Normoxia: normal PO2 (sea level) Hyperoxia: high PO2
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
At higher elevations
Rate of VO2max reduction also due to fall in maximum cardiac output
Fig 24.1
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fig 24.2
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fig 24.3
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heat
Hyperthermia
Elevated body temperature
Heat-related problems
Heat syncope Heat cramps Heat exhaustion
May require medical attention
Heat stroke
Medical emergency
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fig 24.6
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cold
Important to protect against heat loss
Maintain core temperature
Water
Causes heat loss by convection 25 times greater than in air
Hypothermia
Insulating factors
Subcutaneous fat Clothing Amount of insulation required is lower during exercise
Environmental factors
Temperature Vapor pressure Wind Water immersion Energy production
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fig 24.9
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fig 24.9
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Air Pollution
Ozone Decreases VO2max and respiratory function Sulfur dioxide Causes bronchoconstriction in asthmatics Carbon monoxide Binds to hemoglobin and reduces oxygen transport Prevention of problems Reduce exposure time Stay away from bolus amounts of pollutants Exercise during least polluted part of day
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fig 24.11
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.