Chemical Bonds

Learning Outcomes
describe ionic (electrovalent) bonding, as in sodium chloride and magnesium oxide, including the use of dot-and-cross diagrams describe, including the use of dot-and-cross diagrams, (i) covalent bonding, as in hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide, methane, ethene (ii) co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonding, as in the formation of the ammonium ion and in the Al2Cl 6 molecule explain the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules by using the qualitative model of electron-pair repulsion (including lone pairs), using as simple examples: BF3 (trigonal), CO2 (linear), CH4 (tetrahedral), NH3 (pyramidal), H2O (non-linear), SF6 (octahedral) describe covalent bonding in terms of orbital overlap, giving and bonds explain the shape of, and bond angles in, the ethane, ethene and benzene molecules in terms of and bonds

Learning Outcomes
predict the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules analogous to those specified above. describe hydrogen bonding, using ammonia and water as simple examples of molecules containing N-H and O-H groups explain the terms bond energy, bond length and bond polarity and use them to compare the reactivities of covalent bonds describe intermolecular forces (van der Waals forces), based on permanent and induced dipoles, as in CHCl 3(l); Br2(l) and the liquid noble gases describe metallic bonding in terms of a lattice of positive ions surrounded by mobile electrons describe, interpret and/or predict the effect of different types of bonding (ionic bonding, covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, other intermolecular interactions, metallic bonding) on the physical properties of substances deduce the type of bonding present from given information show understanding of chemical reactions in terms of energy transfers associated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds

Chemical Bonds
Chemical bond is the intermolecular forces that hold atoms together in molecules. Bonding involves only the valence electrons. There are 2 main types of chemical bond: a) Ionic bond - electrons are transferred from one atom to another

b) Covalent bond - bonding occurs when atoms share electrons

Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonds are formed by one atom transferring electrons to another atom to form ions. Ions are atoms, or groups of atoms, which have lost or gained electrons. Ions of opposite charge will attract one another, thus creating an ionic bond. It is the electrostatic force that hold the ions of opposite charge together.

Ionic Bonds
Example: NaCl

Ionic compound

NaCl, have an extended crystal lattice with non-metal anions electrostatically attracted to adjacent metal cations and metal cations electrostatically attracted to adjacent non-metal anions

Exercise
Describe the ionic bond formation in the following compounds: a) Magnesium oxide b) Calcium sulfide c) Potassium nitride d) Magnesium chloride e) Calcium phosphide

The Covalent Bond Model

Covalent bond

Covalent bonds are formed as a result of the sharing of one or

more pairs of bonding electrons. Example : H2

Two hydrogen atoms share their single electrons and form a

covalent bond. H + H
electrons to share

H H
a shared pair of electrons

H-H
a covalent bond

Covalent Bonds
Example : H2 and H2O molecule

Bonding and Nonbonding Electrons

Bonding electrons Pairs of valence electrons that are shared between atoms in a covalent bond

Nonbonding electrons
Pairs of valence electrons on an atom that are

not involved in electron sharing

Covalent Compounds

Number of covalent bonds depends on the number of unpaired valence electrons of the central atom. To obey octet rule by sharing electrons from other atoms in the molecule.

Multiple Covalent Bonds

Single covalent bond A covalent bond in which 2 atoms share 1 pair of electron

Double covalent bond

The sharing of two pairs of electrons Triple covalent bond Three pairs of electrons are shared

Multiple Covalent Bond

Example of covalent compound with a double bond is oxygen gas.

O=O

Example of covalent compound with a triple bond is nitrogen gas.

NN

Exercise
Explain the bond formation in the following compounds. a) b) c) d) Hydrogen fluoride Methane Carbon dioxide Ethene

Covalent Compound

Silicon dioxide, SiO2, is a molecular compound. It is also a mineral called quartz (left). Quartz is found in nearly every type of rock. Most sand grains (center) are bits of quartz. Glass is made from sand.

Co-ordinate Covalent Bond

Both electrons of a shared pair come from one of the two atoms involved in the bond One atom has a pair of nonbonding electrons

Another atom has two or more empty space in its

valence shell. The result of overlap of a filled and a vacant orbital.

Co-ordinate Covalent Bond

Co-ordinate covalent bond is represented by an arrow. Once a co-ordinate bond is formed, it cannot be distinguished from other covalent bonds.

All electrons are identical and all the bonds

are of the same strength.

Both electrons from the nitrogen are shared with the upper hydrogen

Other example: Carbon monoxide

Co-ordinate Covalent Bond

At high temperatures aluminium chloride exists as molecules with the formula AlCl3 (electron deficient). At lower temperatures two molecules of AlCl3 combine to form a molecule with the formula Al2Cl6 . The molecules are able to combine because lone pairs of electrons on two of the chlorne atoms form co-ordinate bonds with the aluminium atoms.

Cl Cl

Cl Al Cl Al

Cl Cl

Molecular Geometry
Geometry of the atoms around a central atom can be predicted by the electron-pair repulsion theory. This theory is used to determine the shape which

looks at the geometry of the electron groups around a

central atom.

Bond angles
The shape and bond angles of a covalently bonded molecule depend on: a) the number of pairs of electrons around each atom b) whether these pairs are lone pairs or bonding pairs Lone pairs occupy more space than bonding electron pairs. Double bonds occupy more space than single bonds. LP-LP > LP-BP > BP-BP Lone pairs are more repulsive than bonding pairs

Shape of Molecules
Sets Lone (group of bonding Pairs pairs/number of bonded atoms) 2 0 2 3 3 2 0 1 Shape

Linear 180

o o

Bent 104.5 o Trigonal planar 120 Trigonal pyramidal 107.3

o

Tetrahedral 109.5

Shape of Molecules

Shapes of Molecules
Silicon tetrachloride has a tetrahedral structure. 4 bonding pairs of electrons and no lone pairs Equal repulsive forces of each bonding pair of electrons All Cl Si Cl bond angles being 109.5
o

Shapes of Molecules
3 bonding pairs of electrons 1 lone pair

Lone pair bond pair repulsion is greater than bond pair bond pair repulsion Bonding pairs of electrons are pushed closer together. The H N H bond angle is about 107
o

Examples

Arrangement of electron pairs on central atom

Linear Trigonal planar Tetrahedral

Number of bonding electron pairs

Example

2 3 4

BeCl2 BCl3 CH4

Learning Check
1. Predict the shapes for the following molecules: a) hydrogen sulfide, H2S b) phosphine, PH3 c) boron chloride, BCl3 d) carbon dioxide, CO2 e) nitrogen trichloride, NCl3 (SPECIAL!! BCl3 does not fulfill octet rule)