DC GENERATORS

DC generators : dc machines used as generator. Five major types of dc generators, classified according to the manner in which their field flux is produced:
Separately excited generator: In separately excited generator, the field flux is deri ed fro! a separately po"er source independent of the generator itself# Shunt generator: In a shunt generator, the field flux is deri ed $y connecting the field circuit directly across the ter!inals of the generators# Series generator: In a series generator, the field flux is produced $y connecting the field circuit in series "ith the ar!ature of the generator# Cumulatively compounded generator: In a cu!ulati ely co!pounded generator, $oth a shunt and series field is present, and their effects are additi e# Differentially compounded generator: In differentially co!pounded generator% In a differentially co!pounded generator, $oth a shunt and a series field are present, $ut their effects are su$tracti e#

DC Generators
These various types of dc generator differ in their terminal voltage!current" characteristic, and the application is depending to which is suited. DC generators are compared #y their voltages, power ratings, efficiencies and voltage regulations:

VR =

Vnl V fl V fl

100%

$%& ' Drooping characteristics !%& ' &ising characteristic

E&ui alent Circuit of DC Generators

The e(uivalent circuit of a DC generator

) simplified e(uivalent circuit of a DC generator, with &F com#ining the resistances of the field coils and the varia#le control resistor

Separately Excited Generator

IL = I A

Fig : *eparately excited DC generator ) separately excited DC generator is a generator whose field current is supplied #y a separately external DC voltage source %T ' )ctual voltage measured at the terminals of the generator +, ' current flowing in the lines connected to the terminals. -) ' +nternal generated voltage. +) ' )rmature current.

The Ter!inal Characteristic of A Separately Excited DC Generator

The terminal characteristic of a separately excited dc generator a" with and #" without compensating windings -) ' ."
Ta'e note a$out the axes $et"een !otors ( and ind) and generators (*T and I+)

For DC generator, the output (uantities are its terminal voltage and line current. The terminal voltage is %T ' -) / +)&) +) ' +," *ince the internal generated voltage -) is independent of +), the terminal characteristic of the separately excited generator is a straight line.

The Ter!inal Characteristic of A Separately Excited DC Generator

0hen the load is supplied #y the generator is increased, +, and therefore IA" increase. )s the armature current increase, the +)&) drop increase, so the terminal voltage of the generator falls. Figure a" 1&-%+23* *,+D-" This terminal characteristic is not always entirely accurate. +n the generators without compensating windings, an increase in +) causes an increase in the armature reaction, and armature reaction causes flux wea4ening. This flux wea4ening causes a decrease in -) ' .5 which further decreases the terminal voltage of the generator. The resulting terminal characteristic is shown in Figure #" 1&-%+23* *,+D-"

Control of Ter!inal *oltage

If DC ,otors "e control tor&ue-speed, in DC Generator "e control * T
The terminal voltage of a separately excited DC generator can #e controlled #y changing the internal generated voltage -) of the machine. *T . EA / IARA +f -) increases, %T will increase, and if -) decreases, %T will decreases. *ince the internal generated voltage, -) ' .65, there are two possi#le ways to control the voltage of this generator:

0# Change the speed of rotation. +f 5 increases, then -) ' .65 increases, so %T ' -) ! +)&) increases too. 1# Change the field current. +f &F is decreased, then the field current increases +F '%F7&F ". Therefore, the flux 6 in the machine increases. )s the flux rises, -)' . 5 must rise too, so %T ' -) / +)&) increases.

The Shunt DC Generator

A shunt DC generator : DC generator that supplies its o"n field current #y having its field connected directly across the terminals of the machine.

I A = IF + IL VT = E A I A R A VT IF = R F

8ecause of generator supply it own field current, it re(uired voltage #uildup Figure : The e(uivalent circuit of a shunt DC generator.

*oltage 2uildup in A Shunt Generator

)ssume the DC generator has no load connected to it and that the prime mover starts to turn the shaft of the generator. The voltage #uildup in a DC generator depends on the presence of a residual flux in the poles of the generator. This voltage is given #y

E A = K res

This voltage, -) a volt of two appears at terminal of generators", and it causes a current +F to flow in the field coils. This field current produces a magnetomotive force in the poles, which increases the flux in them. -), then %T increase and cause further increase +F, which further increasing the flux and so on. The final operating voltage is determined #y intersection of the field resistance line and saturation curve. This voltage #uildup process is depicted in the next slide

Voltage buildup occurred in discrete steps

EA may be a volt or two appear at the terminal during start-up

*everal causes for the voltage to fail to #uild up during starting which are : Residual !agnetis!. +f there is no residual flux in the poles, there is no +nternal generated voltage, -) ' 9% and the voltage will never #uild up. Critical resistance. :ormally, the shunt generator #uilds up to a voltage determined #y the intersection of the field resistance line and the saturation curve. +f the field resistance is greater than critical resistance, the generator fails to #uild up and the voltage remains at the residual level. To solve this pro#lem, the field resistance is reduced to a value less than critical resistance. Refer 3igure 4-50 page 675 (Chap!an)

Critical resistance

The direction of rotation of the generator may have #een reversed, or the connections of the field may have #een reversed. +n either case, the residual flux produces an internal generated voltage -). The voltage -) produce a field current which produces a flux opposing the residual flux, instead of adding to it. 3nder these conditions, the flux actually decreases #elow res and no voltage can ever #uild up.

The Ter!inal Characteristic of a Shunt DC Generator

Figure : The terminal characteristic of a shunt dc generator )s the load on the generator is increased, I+ increases and so IA . I3 8 I+ also increase. )n increase in +) increases the armature resistance voltage drop +)&), causing *T ' -) !+)&) to decrease. ;owever, when *T decreases, the field current I3 in the machine decreases with it. This causes the flux in the machine to decrease< decreasing EA. Decreasing -) causes a further decrease in the ter!inal oltage, %T ' -) ! +)&)

*oltage Control for Shunt DC Generator

There are two ways to control the voltage of a shunt generator: =. Change the shaft speed, 9! of the generator. >. Change the field resistor of the generator, thus changing the field current. Changing the field resistor is the principal !ethod used to control terminal voltage in real shunt generators. +f the field resistor &F is decreased, then the field current +F ' %T7&F increases. 0hen +F , the machine?s flux , causing the internal generated voltage -). -) causes the terminal voltage of the generator to increase as well.

The Series DC Generator

Figure : The e(uivalent circuit of a series dc generator

) series DC generator is a generator whose field is connected in series "ith its ar!ature. 8ecause the field "inding has to carry the rated load current, it usually have fe" turns of hea y "ire. Clear distinction, shunt generator tends to maintain a constant ter!inal oltage while the series generator has tendency to supply a constant load current# The .irchhoff?s voltage law for this e(uation :

VT = E A I A ( RA + RS )

Ter!inal Characteristic of a Series Generator

Figure : ) series generator terminal characteristic with large armature reaction effects The magneti@ation curve of a series DC generator loo4s very much li4e the magneti@ation curve of any other generator. )t no load, however, there is no field current, so *T is reduced to a ery s!all le el given #y the residual flux in the machine. )s the load increases, the field current rises, so EA rises rapidly. The +) &) $ &*" drop goes up too, #ut at the first the increase in EA goes up !ore rapidly than the IA(RA 8 RS) drop rises, so *T increases. After a "hile, the !achine approaches saturation, and EA $eco!es al!ost constant# At that point, the resisti e drop is the predo!inant effect, and *T starts to fall#

The Cu!ulati ely Co!pounded DC Generator

Figure : The e(uivalent circuit of a cumulatively compounded DC generator with a long shunt connection

) cumulatively compounded DC generator is a DC generator with #oth series and shunt fields, connected so that the !agneto!oti e forces from the two fields are additi e.

The Cu!ulati ely Co!pounded DC Generator

The total !agneto!oti e force on this machine is given #y 3net . 33 8 3SE - 3AR where FF ' the shunt field magnetomotive force F*- ' the series field magnetomotive force F)& ' the armature reaction magnetomotive force NFI*F = NFIF + NS I! " F!#

N SE FAR = IF + IA NF NF

The other voltage and current relationships for this generator are

I A = IF + IL VT = E A I A ( R A + RS ) VT IF = RF

)nother way to hoo4 up a cumulatively compounded generator. +t is the :short-shunt; connection, where series field is outside the shunt field circuit and has current +, flowing through it instead of +).

Figure : The e(uivalent circuit of a cumulatively DC generator with a short shunt connection

The Ter!inal Characteristic of a Cu!ulati ely DC Generator

0hen the load on the generator is increased, the load current I+ also increases. *ince +) ' +F $ +,, the armature current IA increases too. )t this point two effects occur in the generator: =. )s +) increases, the +) &) $ &*" voltage drop increases as well. This tends to cause a decrease in the terminal voltage, *T ' -) /+) &) $ &*". >. )s IA increases, the series field magnetomotive force 3SE . NSEIA increases too. This increases the total !agneto!oti e force 3tot . N3I3 8 NSEIA which increases the flux in the generator. The increased flux in the generator increases EA, which in turn tends to ma4e *T ' -) / +) &) $ &*" rise#

*oltage Control of Cu!ulati ely Co!pounded DC Generator

The techni(ues availa#le for controlling the terminal voltage of a cumulatively compounded DC generator are exactly the same as the techni(ue for controlling the voltage of a shunt DC generator: =. Change the speed of rotation. )n increase in causes -) ' . to increase, increasing the terminal voltage %T ' -) / +) &) $ &*". >. Change the field current. ) decrease in &F causes +F ' %T7&F to increase, which increase the total magnetomotive force in the generator. )s Ftot increases, the flux in the machine increases, and -) ' . increases. Finally, an increase in -) raises %T.

Analysis of Cu!ulati ely Co!pounded DC Generators

The e&ui alent shunt field current Ie& due to the effects of the series field and armature reaction is given #y N SE FAR I eq = IA NF NF The total effecti e shunt field current is
* IF = I F + I eq

Field &esistance

IA (RA 8 RS)

%T at no load condition will #e the point at which the resistor line and magneti@ation curve intersect. )s load is added to the field current +e( and the resistive voltage drop A+) &) $ &F"B.

The upper tip triangle represents the internal generated voltage -). The lower line represents the terminal voltage %

The Differentially Co!pounded DC Generator

I A = IL + IF VT IF = RF VT = E A I A ( RA + RF )
The e(uivalent circuit of a differentially compounded DC generator ) differentially compounded DC generator is a generator "ith $oth shunt and series fields, $ut this ti!e their !agneto!oti e forces su$tract fro! each other#

The Differentially Co!pounded DC Generator

The net magnetomotive force is

3net . 33 / 3SE / 3AR

3net . N3I3 / NSEIA - 3AR

)nd the e(uivalent shunt field current due to the series field and armature reaction is given #y :

N SE FAR I eq = IA NF NF

The total effective shunt field current in this machine is

* IF = I F + I eq
or

N SE FAR I = IF IA NF NF
* F

*oltage Control of Differentially Co!pounded DC Generator

Two effects occur in the terminal characteristic of a differentially compounded DC generator are =. )s IA increases, the IA (RA 8 RS) oltage drop increases as well. This increase tends to cause the terminal voltage to decrease *T# >. )s IA increases, the series field !agneto!oti e 3SE . NSEIA increases too. This increases in series field magnetomotive force reduces the net !agneto!oti e force on the generator, 3tot . N3I3 / NSEIA", which in turn reduces the net flux in the generator. ) decrease in flux decreases EA, which in turn decreases *T. *ince #oth effects tend to decrease %T, the voltage drop drastically as the load is increased on the generator as sho"n in next slide

*oltage Control of Differentially Co!pounded DC Generator

The techni(ues availa#le for adjusting terminal voltage are exactly the same as those for shunt and cumulatively compounded DC generator: =. Change the speed of rotation, !# >. Change the field current, I3.

-:D 2F C;)1T-& >