Digital Signal Processing and Generation for a DC Current Transformer for Particle Accelerators

Silvia Zorzetti

Contents

Introduction

Fermilab Direct-current current transformer principles

Direct Current Current Transformer (DCCT) Simulink Model Specifications and Parameters Hardware Digital implementation Open loop test Closed loop test

Introduction

This activity was supported and accomplished at Fermilab, in the Instrumentation Department of the Accelerator Division

Circular Accelerators at Fermilab

Main Injector (MI)

Rapid cycling synchrotron 150 GeV as Injector for the Tevatron High intensity protons for fixed target and neutrino physics

Recycler

Permanent Magnetics 8 GeV Antiproton cooling before the injection into the Tevatron Proton storage

Tevatron

Superconducting synchrotron 980 GeV

Different types of DCCTs at FNAL

An analog, homebrew version was developed at FNAL in the 80s.

Installed in all the machines, except for the Recycler Bandwidth: 2 MHz

A commercial DCCT, designed by K. Unser (Bergoz)

Entire system, i.e. pickup, electronics, cables, etc. Only DC signal detection (narrow band). In 2004 the system failed due to an asymmetry of permeability between the toroids. Temporary replaced with another commercial DCCT from Bergoz, will finally be replaced by the digital DCCT that is now under development.

DCCT Introduction

The DCCT is a diagnostics instrument, used to observe the beam current.

Detection of DC and low frequency components of the beam current Non-Distructive instrument For the detection of high frequency components the classical AC transformer is used.

Principle of Operation - AC Transformer

The classical AC transformer can be used to identify the high frequency components of the beam current

Principle of Operation of the DCCT Single Toroid

The modulator winding drives the toroid into saturation. The total magnetic flux is shifted proportionally to the DC current The measured DC current is proportional to the amplitude of the 2nd harmonic detected by the detector winding

Principle of Operation of the DCCT Double Toroids

Principle of Operation of the DCCT Double Toroids

Complete System

Beam DCCT Modulator

400Hz digitally supplied

Second Harmonic detector

AM demodulator on FPGA

AC Transformer Sum and Feedback Output

Second Harmonic Detector

Input: The input signal can be viewed as a low frequency signal modulated (in amplitude) with 800Hz

Second Harmonic Detector

CIC1: Perform the first decimation of the signal sampling frequency

From 62.5MHz to 500kHz

Second Harmonic Detector

NCO: Supplies in-phase and quadrature-phase signals of same amplitude and frequency (800Hz), for downconversion to baseband

Second Harmonic Detector

CIC2: Performs a second decimation of the sampling frequency, allows a more efficient FIR filter

From 500kHz to 2kHz

Second Harmonic Detector

FIR: Defines the overall system bandwidth at baseband

DC to 100Hz

Second Harmonic Detector

Some mathematics to format the signal, and adjust gain and phase

There is no phase detector required, because the signal is sufficiently slow, thus a signum detector is implemented.

DCCT Model

Analytic study of the DCCT functionality Simulink Model of the complete system (AC+DC)

Toroids behaviour simulation Filter Design Feedback

Simulink Model

Simulink Model Flux at Ib=0 (a.u.)

Simulink Model Output Voltage at Ib=0

Simulink Model Flux at Ib=1 (a.u.)

Simulink Model Voltage Output at Ib=1

Simulink Model AC + DC Closed Loop

Required Specifications and Parameters

Number of turns per winding Current and Voltage to saturate the toroids DCCT Bandwidth AC Bandwidth

Parameter Space

Toroids Saturation

Isat<3A , Vsat=36V, Nm=22 BDC=100Hz BAC=1MHz Ns_DC=100 Ns_AC=200

AC and DC Sensor windings

Test Setup for Toroid Measurements

Output Voltage from the pick-up windings of the toroids

There is a mismatch between the voltage outputs from the two toroids.

Poor matching of the core material

Complete System

VHDL Implementation CIC

M: Differential Delay : Decimation factor N: Filter Order N A: Gain A ( M ) f Notch at: f k k s

k 0

CIC Filter VHDL Model

The firmware is synchronized with a single clock Integration Section Comb Section Gain Number of bits: Bout Bin N log 2 ( M ) log 2 ( )

Filters Test Setup

VHDL Implementation and Test CIC1

fs=62.5MHz, fd=500kHz,

M=1 =125 N=2

f1=500kHz A= 15625

VHDL Implementation and Test CIC2

fs=500kHz, fd=2kHz,

M=2 =250 N=2

f1=1kHz A= 250000

VHDL Implementation and Test FIR

bi: filter coefficients N: filter order (127)

FIR Filter- VHDL Model

The firmware is synchronized with a single clock Counter ROM Serial Function Number of bits

VHDL Implementation and Test- FIR

fs=2kHz, fc=100Hz,

N=127

VHDL Impelementation and Test AM Demodulator

With a waveform generator a low frequency signal, modulated at 800Hz is generated and digitized by the ADC The resulting output signal is observed on an oscilloscope, connected to the DAC.

VHDL Implementation and TestDemodulator

Input: m(t)cos(2 f 0 t) Output: m(t)

Open Loop Test Measurement Setup

DC Dectector - Output signal Before the Transition Board - Ib=0.4A

The signal is supplied by the DCCT DC Sense Before the transition board There are both odd and even harmonics

DC Detector - Output Signal After the Transition Board - Ib=0.4A

The signal is supplied by the DCCT DC Sense Passed by the Transition Board Has only the 2nd harmonic (800 Hz), the 1st harmonic is suppressed.

Open Loop Result

Closed Loop Test Measurement Setup

Closed Loop Results

Conclusions

At this stage a preliminary implementation and test of the DCCT has been successfully realized.

P control =0.05s Resolution 0.01A

Next steps

Implementation of the AC section Faster loop control

Thank you for your attention

Silvia Zorzetti

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Silvia Zorzetti