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Background
Until recently the term cement was almost synonymous in the UK with BS 12 Portland cement The publication of the harmonised European Standard for common cements in 2000 (BS EN 197-1) has introduced a wider range of structural cements for potential use in the UK This presentation examines what is meant by cement today and how to specify it
Terminology: Cement
In BS EN 197-1, cement is defined as: A hydraulic binder, i.e. a finely ground inorganic material which, when mixed with water, forms a paste which sets and hardens by means of hydraulic reactions and processes and which, after hardening, retains its strength and stability even under water. Factory produced EN 197 cements are given the designation CEM
Terminology: Additions
Pozzolanic or latent hydraulic materials, such as pulverized-fuel ash (pfa) or ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs) are Type II additions
When additions are mixed with Portland cement at the concrete batching plant, they form a combination not a blended cement
In British Standards, mixer combinations are given the designation C not CEM
Cements
Cements are factory produced materials primarily conforming to BS EN 197-1 or BS EN 197-4
Some cements, such as Sulfate-resisting Portland cement (SRPC) are however, still covered by residual British Standards
There is a wide range of cements ranging from simple Portland cement to Composite cements containing up to three major constituents Cements may be produced by inter-grinding or blending the constituents at the cement works Cements can be CE marked against BS EN 197 standards using BS EN 197-2 Conformity evaluation
PORTLAND CEMENT
Portland cement is CEM I NOT Ordinary Portland cement, OPC or PC
BUT
CEM I
10
11
32,5 N
32,5 R 42,5 N 42,5 R 52,5 N 52,5 R
10 10 20 20 30
16
-
32,5
32,5 42,5 42,5 52,5 52,5
52,5
52,5 62,5 62,5 -
12
32,5 L
42,5 L 52,5 L
10
12
16 -
32,5
42,5 52,5
52,5
62,5 -
These low early strength classes apply only to BS EN 197- 4 CEM III cements
13
14
15
Portland-slag cement ditto Portlandsilica fume cement Portland-fly ash cement ditto Portlandlimestone cement ditto
CEM II/B-L(LL)
ditto
21-35
65-79
16
Portland-slag cement ditto Portlandsilica fume cement Portland-fly ash cement ditto Portlandlimestone cement ditto
Available in UK
Fly ash ditto Limestone 6-20 21-35 6-20 80-94 65-79 80-94
CEM II/B-L(LL)
ditto
21-35
65-79
17
CEM IV Cements
Designation Name Second Main Constituent % of Sec. Main Constituent % Clinker
18
CEM IV/A
Pozzolanic cement
ditto
11-35
65-89
CEM IV/B
36-55
45-64
CEM V Cements
Designation Name Additional Main Constituents Two ditto % of Additional Constituents . % Clinker
19
40-64 20-38
Example
Composite cement with:18-30% ggbs (S) and 18-30% siliceous fly ash (V) plus clinker; would be designated as:
CEM V/A (S-V) 32,5N
20
21
Cement containing a mac has to meet the same performance criteria as the same cement type and class without a mac
Setting time Strength Soundness/Chemical requirements
In specification terms a CEM cement with a mac is considered to be identical to the same CEM cement without a mac
A CEM I Portland cement with 5% mac is still a Portland cement and will perform in the same way as a similar cement without a mac !
Other Cements
Sulfate-resisting Portland cement: still covered by residual British Standard BS 4027
22
Low early strength blastfurnace cements: covered by British Standard BS 146:2002 (to be withdrawn Jan 2006)
High-alumina cement: still covered by residual British Standard BS 915
These standards will eventually be replaced by new European Standards, but progress on a standard for sulfate-resisting cement is slow
23
BS 8500 is the complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1 and describes how to apply the principles of the European Standard in the UK
Note: BSI have also published Standards for fresh concrete (BIM 2002), which combines BS EN 206-1 and BS 8500 and adds a commentary
24
These limiting values may be different for different types of CEM cement This reflects the different relative (durability) performance of different cement types
Permitted Cements
BS 8500 permits the general use of all BS-EN 197-1 and BS EN 197-4 cements in concrete However, the use of Composite cement (CEM V) is restricted to situations where it is specified or when its use is accepted by the specifier Cements conforming to certain residual British Standards are also permitted:
BS 4027 Sulfate-resisting Portland cement BS146:2002 Blastfurnace cements BS 6610 Pozzolanic cements
25
26
For a non CEM I cement, this does NOT mean the amount of the Portland cement clinker in the cement
The limiting values in BS 8500 take account of the composition of the cement. There is no technical justification for additional increases in cement content for non CEM I cements
Water/Cement Ratio
27
The specified maximum water/cement ratio is the ratio of free water to CEM cement This is a major factor influencing concrete strength This does NOT mean the ratio of free water to the amount of Portland cement clinker in the CEM cement
The limiting values in BS 8500 take account of the composition of the cement. There is no technical justification for additional reductions in water/cement ratio for non CEM I cements
Footnote
Analysis of hardened concrete
If there is a dispute about whether the cement that was specified was actually used, then:
a combination of chemical analysis and microscopy (optical and/or analytical) should be able to determine the identity of the major constituents but determining the proportions is much more difficult
28
relationships between these vary between cement type and any addition used
the simplest, most accurate, case is where only a CEM I cement has been used in other cases, the determination of cement content, and addition content, is subject to more assumptions and therefore less accuracy