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CLO 1
Apply general understanding on the organizing and preparation of raw data for statistical analysis by using different types of probability distributions to solve problems. (C3)
1.1.3 Differentiate population and sample. 1.1.4 Describe the types of variables used:
a. quantitative b. qualitative or categorical
1.2 Organize data. 1.2.1 State examples of raw data. 1.2.2 Organize qualitative data:
a. frequency distributions b. relative frequency and percentage distributions c. draw graphs and charts to represent data
1.3 Illustrate numerical descriptive measures. 1.3.1 Illustrate Measures of Central Tendency for ungrouped data:
a. mean b. median c. mode
1.3.3 Illustrate Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion for grouped data.
1.4 Understand probability. 1.4.1 Describe experiment, outcomes and sample space. 1.4.2 Calculate probability:
a. mutually exclusive events b. independent and dependent events c. complimentary events d. intersection of events e. multiplication rule f. union of events g. addition rule h. Bayes theorem
Introduction
Statistics is the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.
Bluman Chapter 1
Descriptive Statistics
Collect data
e.g., Survey
Present data
e.g., Tables and graphs
Summarize data
e.g., Sample mean =
X
n
Inferential Statistics
Estimation e.g., Estimate the population mean weight using the sample mean weight Hypothesis testing e.g., Test the claim that the population mean weight is 120 pounds
Inference is the process of drawing conclusions or making decisions about a population based on sample results
Key Definitions
A population is the collection of all items of interest or under investigation N represents the population size A sample is an observed subset of the population n represents the sample size A parameter is a specific characteristic of a population A statistic is a specific characteristic of a sample
Sample
b c
ef gh i jk l m n o p q rs t u v w x y z o
gi
r y
n
u
Examples of Populations
Names of all registered voters in the Malaysia
Incomes of all families living in Penang
Annual returns of all stocks traded on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Grade point averages of all the students in your Polytechnic
Random Sampling
Simple random sampling is a procedure in which
each member of the population is chosen strictly by chance, each member of the population is equally likely to be chosen, every possible sample of n objects is equally likely to be chosen
Kata Kunci
1. Populasi (seluruh alam)
semua
2. Sampel
Sebahagian daripada populasi
3. Parameter
Ringkasan tentang Populasi
4. Statistik
Ringkasan tentang Sampel
Quantitative
Numerical, Can be ranked
Discrete
Countable 5, 29, 8000, etc.
Bluman Chapter 1
Continuous
Can be decimals 2.59, 312.1, etc.
Types of Data
Data sets can consist of two types of data: qualitative data and quantitative data.
Data
Levels of Measurement
The level of measurement determines which statistical calculations are meaningful. The four levels of measurement are: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
Levels of Measurement
Lowest to highest
Ordinal
Data at the interval level of measurement are quantitative. A zero entry simply represents a position on a scale; the entry is not an inherent zero.
Levels of Measurement
Interval
Arranged in order, the differences between data entries can be calculated. Atlanta Braves World Series victories
Temperatures
Years on a timeline
Data at the ratio level of measurement are similar to the interval level, but a zero entry is meaningful.
Levels of Measurement A ratio of two data values can be formed so one data value can be expressed as a ratio.
Ratio
Ages Grade point averages Weights
Ratio
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Contoh: Ethnik
1 untuk Melayu 2 untuk Cina 3 untuk India 4 untuk lain-lain
28
30
Data Ordinal
Cara pengajaran pensyarah amat baik
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
34
Ratio
Semua diatas
Berparameter
35