Secondary Storage

CS1251 Computer Organization Carl Hamacher

4/3/2014

Department of Information Technology

Virtual Memory (VM)

Processor address space greater than physical main memory (RAM) 32-bit address = 4G bytes Secondary storage (magnetic disk) Virtual (logical) addresses translated into physical addresses

Memory Management Unit (MMU)

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VM Organization
Processor Virtual Address Data MMU Physical Address Cache Data Main Memory DMA Transfer Disk Storage
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Physical Address

Cache vs. Virtual Memory

Cache Memory

Bridges speed gap between processor and main memory Implemented in hardware Bridges size and speed gaps between main memory and secondary storage Implemented (in part) by software (operating system)

Virtual Memory

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Department of Information Technology

VM Address Translation
Pages

Fixed-length units Blocks of words that occupy contiguous locations in main memory Commonly 2K to 16K bytes
Too small more (slow) accesses Too large unnecessary info in main memory

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VM Address Translation
Virtual Page Number

High-order bits Which page Low-order bits Word within page Validity Modification Restrictions (read/write)
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Offset

Control Bits

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VM Address Translation
Page Table

Info about main memory location of each page Kept in main memory MMU cache for most recently accessed pages
Area of main memory that can hold one page

Page Frame

Page Table Base Register

Starting address of page table

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VM Address Translation

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Memory Management
Operating System

System Space Supervisor State Privileged Instructions

User Space User State No program should be allowed to destroy either data or instructions of another program
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Application Programs

Protection

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Magnetic Hard Disks

Phase Encoding (Manchester Encoding)

Change in magnetization guaranteed at midpoint of each bit Provides clocking info for synchronization
More efficient Better storage density More complex control circuitry

Other self-clocking schemes

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Hard Disk Components

Disk

Assembly of disk platters

Electromechanical system

Disk Drive

Spins disk Moves read/write heads

Disk Controller

Electronic circuitry

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Hard Disk Organization

Organization of data

Concentric tracks Divided into sectors Divided into logical partitions

Divides disk into tracks and sectors Excludes defective sectors About 15% overhead

Formatting

Sector headers Error-correction codes Intersector gaps

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Access Time
Seek Time

Time required to move the read/write head to the proper track

Rotational delay Time until head is over correct track

Latency Time

Times measured in ms

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Disk Controller
Data Buffer

Difference in transfer rates between disk and bus Also serves as a disk cache Main memory address disk address Word count OS loaded into main memory Nonvolatile ROM stores monitor program Boot block with loader program
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Read/Write Requests

Booting

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RAID
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks RAID 0

Performance enhancement Single large file stored in several separate disk units Disks deliver data in parallel Relaibility Storing identical copies of data on two disks Mirror

RAID 1

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RAID
RAID 2, RAID 3, RAID 4

Reliability Various parity checking schemes Reliability Parity-based error-recovery scheme Distributed across disks
Performance and reliability Hybrid of RAID 0 and RAID 1
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RAID 5

RAID 10

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Optical Disks

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CD vs. DVD
Compact Disk (CD)

CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW

Shorter wavelength laser

Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)

Smaller focus, smaller pits, closer tracks

Capacity

CD = 800 MB DVD = 4.7 GB

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Magnetic Tape Systems

Off-line storage of large amounts of data Back-up and archival storage Data organized into records and files Highest capacity Slowest Cheapest

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Memory Hierarchy
Processor Registers

Increasing Size

Primary Cache

Increasing Speed

Increasing Cost

Secondary Cache

Main Memory

Secondary Memory
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Questions?

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