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Objectives
Know the defination of virus, virusoid and prion Know the example of medically important viruses Know the different classification of the virus Know how the virus classify
Viruses
Smallest infectious agents (20nm-300nm) Consist of one kind of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) Surrounded by one or more proteins Some have outer membrane envelope -lipid Do not have ribosomes or enzymes Obligate intracellular parasites
Inert in extracellular environment Replicate only in living cells (parasites at genetic level)
Virusoid Nucleic acids that need the helper viruses virus-like particles. E.g.: Hepatitis D delta agent Viroids molecules of naked, cyclical, small RNAs and restricted to plants Prions Abnormal proteins that can spread from cell to cells and changes the normal cellular protiens disrupts the normal cell functions. E.g.: CJD, BSE, Kuru
Example of Virus
RNA
Glycoprotien Capsid
History
The first classification of viruses as a group distinct from other microorganisms was based on their capacity to pass through filters of a small pore size (filterable agents). Initial subclassifications were based primarily on pathologic properties such as specific organ tropism (e.g., hepatitis viruses) or common epidemiologic features such as transmission by arthropod vectors (e.g., arboviruses).
Classification
Current classification systems are based on 1. The type and structure of the viral nucleic acid and the strategy used in its replication, 2. The type of symmetry of the virus capsid (helical versus icosahedral), and 3. The presence or absence of a lipid envelope
Viral RNA
Capsid
Icosahedral Capsid
HELICAL CAPSID
Viral envelope
Virus Toxonomy
A system to separate the virus to major group Families (suffix -viridae) based on virion morphology, genome structure and strategies of replication Genera (suffix -virus) based on physicochemical and serologic differences
Capsid Symmet ry
Icosahed ral
Virion
Ether sensitivi ty
Resistant
No of capso meres
32 72 252 180 162
Size (nm)
18-26 45-55 80-110 40-48 150-200 230X400
Size of NA (kb)
5.6 5-8 36-38 3.2 124-235 130-375 7.2-8.4 7.2-7.9 7.4-7.7 16-27 9.7-11.8 9.5-12.5 10-14 20-30 7-11 11-21 10-13.6 16-20 13-16 8.5-10.5 19.1
Type of NA
ss ds circular ds ds circular ds ds ss ss ss ds segment ss ss ss segment ss ss diploid ss segment ss segment ss ss ss Ss
Virus Family
Naked
Enveloped
Sensitive
Parvoviridae Papovaviridae Adenoviridae Hepadnaviridae Herpesviridae Poxviridae Picornaviridae Astroviridae Caliciviridae Reoviridae Togaviridae Flaviviridae Arenaviridae Coronaviridae Retroviridae Bunyaviridae Orthomyxoviridae Paramyxoviridae Rhabdoviridae Bornaviridae Filoviridae
Sensitive Sensitive
28-30 28-30 27-38 60-80 50-70 45-60 50-300 80-220 80-100 80-120 80-120 150-300 75X180 80-125 80X1000
Helical
Enveloped
Sensitive
Togaviridae
Flaviviridae Coronaviridae
Rubella virus
Yellow fever virus
SS (+) RNA
SS (+) RNA
1012
1012 2033
Yes
Yes Yes
I
P H
Rhabdoviridae
Paramyxovirid ae Filoviridae
Rabies virus
Measles virus Ebola virus
SS () RNA
SS () RNA SS () RNA
1316
1516 19
Yes
Yes Yes
H
H H
Arenaviridae
2 circular SS (ambisense) RNA segments 3 circular SS (ambisense) RNA segments 8 SS () RNA segments * 1012 DS RNA segments 2 identical SS (+) RNA segments
57
Yes
Bunyaviridae California encephalitis virus Orthomyxovi ridae Reoviridae Influenza virus Rotavirus
1023
Yes
1215
Yes
1830
No
Retroviridae
HIV-1
711
Yes
Icapsid H nucleocapsid
DNA-Containing Viruses
Family Hepadnavirida e Example Hepatitis B virus Type of Nucleic Acid Circular DS DNA with SS portions Genome Size (Kb or Kb Pairs) 3 Envelope Yes Capsid Symmetry I
Parvoviridae
SS (+) or () DNA
Circular DS DNA Circular DS DNA Linear DS DNA Linear DS DNA Linear DS DNA with covalently closed ends
No
No No No Yes Yes
I I I I Complex