Dr Qurrat-ul-Ain TMO Radiology

Aspiration

Drainage
Biopsy

Aspirations
Cysts aspiration Paracentesis (Ascites)

Thoracocentesis (Pleural effusion)

Cysts aspiration: Cysts are very common. Usually be diagnosed accurately with ultrasound.

In most women, they do not usually require any intervention or follow-up.

Cyst aspirations are done when :

Causing significant tenderness The diagnosis of a cyst remains in question following the ultrasound

POSITION

The patient lie on her back or slightly turned to

one side with the arm placed comfortably under the head.

The skin is cleaned , numbed with topical anesthesia. Using ultrasound guidance, a small needle is advanced into the cyst and suction is applied to draw the fluid out, causing the lump

to collapse.

The lump (arrow) in this patients right breast was thought to be a cyst, but some features are not characteristic and aspiration was necessary.

Using ultrasound guidance, a fine needle (white line) is placed so that its tip (double arrow) is in the center of the lump (single arrow). Aspiration is applied by using a syringe attached to the needle. If this is a cyst, fluid is drawn into the syringe as the lesion collapses.

After the aspiration, the needle (white line) and its tip (double arrow) are seen, but the lump is gone.

If is very helpful to get an ultrasound scan of the ascites before the procedure. The radiologist will mark the spot for paracentesis. Two things are important: What is the distance from the skin to the fluid? Usually 1 cm. What is distance to the midpoint of the collection? Usually 3 cm.

Here we clearly see free fluid in Morrison's pouch that extends superiorly around the liver

See the needle entering the peritoneal cavity obliquely from just beneath the indicator marker.

Pleural effusion is an abnormal collection of

fluid in the pleural space. Removal of this fluid by needle aspiration is called a thoracoentesis.

Patient should be sitting or in the lateral decubitus

position with pleural effusion side up.

The marker on the probe should be pointed

towards the head. Be sure that the transducer is

perpendicular to the chest .

The diaphragm and liver or spleen should be identified first. The probe can then be moved towards the head

and from side to side to locate the largest pocket of

fluid between the ribs. Once this is located a mark is made with indelible ink just above the lower rib.

The distance from the transducer to the pleural

fluid should also be noted.

The probe is then rotated 180 degrees to visualize the pleural fluid between the ribs to ensure that there is only fluid visualized ie. no lung, diaphragm, or liver or spleen.

General Anatomy Pleural Effusion

Thoracocentesis can be both diagnostic and therapeutic .

Using ultrasound to guide this procedure can decrease the

very high complication rate associated with it.

Right Pleural Effusion

Left Pleural Effusion

Procedure allow collections which would otherwise require open surgery to be drained via a skin incision only a few mm in size.

Minimally invasive technique Little procedure related morbidity and equal

applicability to unfit patients,

Any abnormal fluid collection which is accessible, e.g

Complicated Diverticular abscess Crohns disease related abscess Appendicular abscess

Localized abscess related to ovary (tubo-ovarian) Abscess collection after surgery Hepatic abscess (amebic or post-op) Renal abscess or retro-peritoneal abscess. Splenic abscess

The only common contraindications are: Abscess is not accessible

Patient has a bleeding tendency

Abscess is first delineated &a safe route from skin to the abscess cavity is identified by ultrasound.

Prior to the catheter introduction, a diagnostic

needle aspiration may also be done.

The catheter is introduced into the abscess cavity, either directly using a trocar catheter (as used for chest intubation (or by modified

Seldingers technique using a guide-wire.

Maneuvering of the trocar or guide-wire within the abdominal cavity should be done strictly under ultrasound surveillance

Once in position, the catheter is secured and

attached to a drainage bag.

Drainage is recorded daily ,response to the treatment is assessed by clinical parameters & u/s.

Indications
Icterus/liver enzyme elevation/elevated bile

acids
Focal nodules or masses anywhere Renal disease sometimes (i.e. renal dysplasia, renal masses, lymphosarcoma suspects) Prostatomegaly Free abdominal fluid Cysts

Lymphadenopathy

U/S guided FNA/biopsies generally not done on:

Adrenal glands Transitional cell carcinoma suspect masses Chronic renal failure, glomerulonephritis

Probe orientation
Reference marker corresponds to left side of screen (see Screen Orientation

Probe Skin

Superficial lesion to biopsy

Deep lesion to biopsy

Rock and/or slide the probe to line up the lesion to a reachable position

Deep lesion needs to be lined up toward the edge of the beam

Superficial lesion can be toward the edge or in the center of the beam

Angle to use for a superficial lesion: Aim needle more perpendicular to beam

Superficial lesion FNA

Superficial lesion FNA

Superficial lesion core biopsy

Superficial lesion core biopsy

Take biopsy

Superficial lesion core biopsy

Percutaneous needle biopsy of the breast provides reliable diagnosis of both benign and malignant disease and is a proven alternative

to open surgical biopsy

Ultrasound guidance is an accurate and reliable biopsy guidance technique and is the method of choice and suitable for all breast lesions

visible on ultrasound

CNB & FNAB are effective methods for the diagnosis of most breast lesions

Although CNB has higher sensitivity & positive predictive value for abnormalities like microcalcifications & distortions of architecture.

Focal mass or other lesion of unknown nature

palpable or non-palpable

Architectural distortion
Micro-calcifications

Cyst aspiration

PROCEDURE: The long axis of the needle, should be visible along the long axis of the transducer.

Occasionally, during an FNA biopsy or cyst aspiration, the transducer can be rotated 90 degrees to visualize the echogenic dot of the needle within the lesion.

Liver biopsies are performed for both focal and nonfocal lesions.

The primary indication for parenchymal liver

biopsy is for the diagnosis of hepatic disease.

When imaging guidance is employed, it can take one of two forms: US-guided "marking" in which a mark is made upon the skin during US examination for a biopsy to be performed later without imaging guidance or real-time US guidance.

The patient is positioned supine, with the hands comfortably resting behind the head

A preliminary US scan is performed to identify

the target and mark the skin.

The preliminary scan also ensures that no major vessels, dilated biliary channels or gall bladder are in the path of the biopsy needle.

Before the procedure is started, breathing instructions are practiced with the patient.

performed with the breath held in expiration.

This minimize risk of injury to the pleura or lung.

The skin site is prepped and draped to ensure asepsis The local area is anesthetized with a local anesthetic.

The cutting needle is then fired with US

documentation of the site.

Indications: Biopsy of a focal solid lesion /suspicious cystic lesion for diagnosis.

Nonfocal biopsy to evaluate for nephropathy

or renal transplant rejection

US has the advantages of real-time needle placement

No radiation & is therefore well suited for most nonfocal renal biopsies in thin pts and in biopsies

of some focal solid masses or cystic masses .

The patient is placed in the prone position and the biopsy is typically taken from the lower pole of the kidney if there are no specific locations of interest.

The biopsy needle is guided using ultrasound to ensure visualization of the needle as it

pierces the kidney parenchyma.

Care is taken not to enter the collecting system (as it would result in haematuria) or to go near

the renal hilum (to prevent injury to the

vessels).

THANK YOU