History of The UK

Unit 1: A Brief History of the U.K.
Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B
Outline
Prehistory The Roman period (43-410) The Germanic invasion (410-1066) The medieval period (1066-1485) The sixteenth century The seventeenth century The eighteenth century The nineteenth century The twentieth century
Pre-history
2,000 years ago Iron Age Celtic culture: no written record The Celts
Arrived from Europe from the 8th century B.C Intermingled with people who have already there
Sense of mystery
Astonishing monumental architecture
Prehistory
The Celts (Celtic peoples) 800-400 B.C.
Pre-history
Stonehenge
Silbury Hill The largest manmade burial mound in Europe
built about 4600 years ago
took 500 men working 15 years to dump and shape 248,000 cubic metres of earth on top of a natural hill
40 metres high, and covers about 2.2 hectares. Its summit is flat-topped and 30m wide
was a giant sundial to determine seasons, the true length of the year.
The exact purpose of the hill is unknown: Resting place of King Sil (a legendary knight in golden armor), sitting on a fabled golden horse Holds a life-size solid gold statue of King Sil
Outline
The Roman period (43-410)

The Roman army invaded England and Wales
The ancient Roman Republic

The Roman period (43-410)

A Celtic tribe (the Scots) migrated from Ireland to Scotland
Scotland: The Scots allied with the Picts (also Celtic) against the Romans
The Romans built the Hadrians wall to protect from attacks by the Scots and the Picts
The Hadrians Wall
(most of) England & Wales: The Roman province of Britannia

The Hadrians Wall
The Roman period

The Roman Empire in many parts of Europe
bequeathed a system of law and administration which forms the basis of the modern system
In Britain: left very little behind + Infrastructure (villas, baths, temples, roads, cities, including London) founded by the Romans were soon destroyed or fell into disrepair + The only lasting reminder: place-names (e.g. Chester, Lancaster and Gloucester, which includes the Roman castra a military camp)
Outline
The Germanic Invasions

Germanic = German?
Germanic people = Indo-European-speaking people + originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic languages + Included Scandinavians, the Anglo-Saxons & the Germans
Scandinavia: group of countries in northern Europe, consisting of Norway and Sweden, with Denmark, Finland and Iceland often included

Scandinavia
Germany
The Anglo-Saxons
Tribes from north-western Europe: Austria, Switzerland, Northern Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, North and central France The Anglo-Saxons soon ruled the southeast of the country In the west of the country, they were halted by an army of Britons under the command of King Arthur
Invasions of The Anglo-Saxons
King Arthur, who fought against the invading AngloSaxons
Anglo-Saxons 5th century

Invasions of The Anglo-Saxons

By the end of the 6th century, predominated nearly all of England and in parts of southern Scotland The Celtic Britons were either Saxonized or driven westwards
Cornwall (in red)

The Anglo-Saxons had little use of town and cities BUT had great effects on the countryside
Brought Christian to the GB
Introduce new farming methods
Founded thousands of self-sufficient villages form the basis of English society for the next thousand or so years
The Scandinavians
8th century Another wave of Germanic invasions Invaders: the Vikings (also called Norsemen or Danes) from Scandinavia
Ship-borne explorers, traders and warriors of the Norsemen Raided the coasts of the British Isles, France and other parts of Europe from the late 8th century to the 11th century
The Viking Expansion
Green: areas subjected to frequent raids of the Vikings Other colors: Viking settlement in different centuries

9th century The Vikings conquered and settled
Scotland: north and west Ireland: Coastal regions
In England, the Vikings was halted when they were defeated by King Alfred of the Saxon Kingdom An agreement which divided England between
The Wessex (King Alfreds Saxon Kingdom) in the Statue of Alfred the Great south and west The only English King to be The Danelaw in the north and eastgiven the epithet the Great

Between the Anglo-Saxons and Danes: insignificant cultural differences
Led the same way of life Spoke two varieties of the same Germanic tongue -> basis of modern English
The Danes soon converted to Christianity Political unification easier


In graphic
The Celtic people were Saxonized or driven to South-west Scotland Wales Cornwall
10th century: Scotland=Gaelic kingdom
Vikings 8th century
Celts
10th century: England = Germanic kingdom
8th century B.C. Anglo-Saxons 5th century
Outline
The medieval period

1066 - the successful Norman invasion (northern France on the Channel coast) the last time Britain was defeated Brought Britain into the mainstream of western European culture
Norman Invasion
Germanic invasions
Large-scale (both by the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings all over Britain) Germanic villages and settlement
Norman invasion in the medieval period

small-scale
No Norman village or Norman area of settlement Norman soldiers were given the ownership of land and of the people living on it
The medieval period

A strict feudal system in England
King
The beginning of the English class system
Great lords or Barons

French-speaking Normans
Lesser lords Peasants

English-speaking Saxons
The medieval period

Eastern Ireland: controlled by AngloNorman lords in the name of the English king
Scotland: A few wars but still remain independent
Wales: under the English kings direct rule
England: A strict feudal system (king-baronslandlordspeasants) brought by the Norman since 11th century
The medieval period

The Norman culture after 250 years did not gain predominance
Eastern Ireland: controlled by AngloNorman lords in the name of the English king
The lords remained loyal to the English king

England: A strict feudal system (king-landlords-barons-peasants) brought by the Norman since 11th century
Wales: under the English kings direct rule
The (Celtic) Welsh language and culture remained strong, e.g. Eisteddfod (national festivals-songs and poetry)
Germanic language, not the Norman language (=French) The Anglo-Saxon concept of common law, not Roman law
The medieval period

By the end of this period, there was a cultural split between the lowlands and the highlands Eastern Ireland: controlled by AngloNorman lords in the name of the English king
Scotland: Remain independent > < a gradual shift to English language and customs (in the lowlands)
The lords remained loyal to the English king
Due to the moutainous landscape, the authority of the Wales: under the English kings direct rule king was hard The (Celtic) Welsh to enforce language and culture remained strong, e.g. Eisteddfod
England: A strict feudal system (king-landlords-barons-peasants) brought by the Norman since 11th century
Germanic language, not the Norman language The Anglo-Saxon concept of common law, not Roman law
Outline
The 16th century

Politics Religion
House of Lords
House of Commons
The 16th century

The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)
Lancastrians (red rose) Yorkists (white rose)
The Bubonic Plague (the Black Death)

weakened traditional ties between feudal lords & peasants
killed about 1/3 of the European population
caused the shortage of labour
increased the importance of trade
Greatly weakened the power of the great barons

The 16th century

A system of government departments was established Feudal barons were no longer needed for:
Implementing government policy Making government policy
Parliament was split into 2 Houses

The House of Lords = feudal aristocracy + leaders of the Church The House of Commons = representatives from the towns + landowners from the rural areas
The 16th century

Politics Religion
The 16th century

Rejection of the Roman Church by Henry VIII
Wanting a divorce Making himself head of the Church of England Independent of Rome All church lands came under his control by appointing its leaders Gave himself a large new source of income
The 16th century

Rejection of Roman Church
A new spirit of patriotic confidence
The country became an island nation
The exploration of the Americas and other parts of the world

Britain was closer to the geographical centre of the western civilization (not on the edge)
Outline
The
James I
th 17
century
1603: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England => two kingdoms: Scotland and England united with little language difference but separate parliaments, administrative and judicial system
The
th 17
century
Parliament > The monarch - Anger over the way the monarch raised money - Ideological Protestants (Puritans) considered the lifestyle of monarch immoral - Suspicion over the monarchs sympathy towards Catholism
The 17th century

Civil War (1642 and 1651)
Cavaliers
Fun-loving, aristocratic royalist
Roundheads
Over-serious, puritan Parliamentarian
Victory
The 17th century

Execution of Charles I, the 2nd son of James I the Exile of his son Charles II Cromwell, leader of the Parliamentary army became Lord Protector of the republic with a military government
Charles I
The 17th century

Britain became a republic for the 1st and only time His system of government was unpopular because
Brutally crushed resistance in Ireland Puritan ethics: theatres and other forms of amusement had been banned
Oliver Cromwell
The 17th century

When Cromwell died, Charles II was asked to return and take the throne James II, the brother of Charles II
Restored the Anglican Church Tried to give full rights to Catholics and promote them in his government
James II
The 17th century

Conflicts between monarch and Parliament soon re-emerged The Glorious Revolution (bloodless)
Prince William of Orange and his wife accepted the Parliaments invitation to become king and queen (William III)
William III, son- in- law
Powers of the monarch was limited the monarch could rule only with the support of Parliament
Mary II- daughter
Outline
The
th 18
century
Politically stable 2 divisions within Parliament

The Whigs = Parliamentarians descendants
Believed in government by monarch and aristocracy together
The Tories
Greater respect for the idea of the monarchy and the importance of the Anglican Church
Said to be the beginning of the party system in Britain (The Whig = the Liberals; The Tories = The Conservative)
The 18th century

Britain expanded its empire in
The Americas West African coast India
The 18th century

Increased trades with these new markets + Technical innovations => Industrial Revolution
Industrial mode of production Advances in agriculture
James Watt, who invented the 1st steam engine
Greatest upheaval in the pattern of everyday life since the Anglo-Saxon invasions
The 18th century

Greatest upheaval in the pattern of everyday life since the Anglo-Saxon invasions
Areas of common lands disappeared as landowners turned them into larger, more efficient farms Social power and prestige rested on the possession of land in the countryside
Hundreds of thousands of people moved from rural areas into new towns and cities
Urban development
However
The 18th century

Lowland Scotland: industrialization took place Northern England became the industrial heartland London dominated South England as a business and trading centre, NOT as an industrial one
South Wales: industrialization took place
Outline
The 19th century

Expansion of the British Empire => the white mans burden Great changes in social structure Reforms in politics and human rights Nostalgia and protests against new lifestyle
The 19th century

An enormous increase of wealth during the century British developed a sense of supreme confidence, even arrogance, about their culture and civilization The white mans burden
A poem by Rudyard Kipling Content: Other races are wild and have a need to be civilized
The 19th century

The white mans burden a satiric take
This advertisement for soap uses the theme of the White Man's Burden, encouraging white people to teach cleanliness to members of other races Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B
The 19th century

Changes in social structure
In the past Most people live in rural areas Depended on landowners for their living In the 19th century Most people lived in towns and cities Depended on factory owners for their living
Together with the middle class of trades people Held the REAL POWER in the country
Victorian values
The 19th century

One of the most memorable and endearing of the English monarchs Usually associated with the Victorian Era
Scientific and technological development Impressive economic development, the Industrial Revolution Improvement of human rights Arts, architecture, literature flourished
Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
The 19th century

Reforms in politics and human rights
Britain gradually turned into something resembling a modern state Slavery and the laws against people on the basis of religion were abolished Laws were made to protect workers Public services such as the police force were set up
Sir Robert Peel Prime Minister of the U.K. (1834-1835)
Established the London police force
The 19th century

Nostalgia and protests against new lifestyle
Writers and intellectuals protested against the horrors of the new lifestyle (Dickens) Many poets praised the simplicity and beauty of the countryside
Charles Dickens Acclaimed as one of historys greatest novelists A reformist writer (one who wrote about bad things in order to change society for the better)
Outline
The
th 20
century
Queen Elizabeth II (1926-)
Winston Churchill 41st Prime Minister In office: 1940-1945 Margaret Thatcher 47th Prime Minister In office: 1979-1990 Political party: Conservative Tony Blair 49th Prime Minister In office: 1997-2007 Political party: Labour Pham Thanh Thuy B David Cameron 51st PM 2010 - present Conservative
Political party: Conservative and Liberal
Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor:
The
th 20
century
No longer the worlds richest country From the beginning of this century, the urban working finally began to make its voice heard
The Labour Party gradually replaced the Liberals (descendants of the Whigs) and the Conservatives (descendants of the Tories) Trade Union gathered momentum
Review
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7.
8.
F (Indo-European speaking countries) Germanic people are those from German Britain was defeated by the French people in the 18th F (1066) century F ( also because of the Black Death) The power of the great barons were weakened mainly because of the Wars of Roses T Britain used to be on the edge of the world Britain has never been a republic country F (once in 17th cen In the 18th century, social power and prestige rested on F (land in the the possession of houses in the urban area countryside) Victoria Era was a long period of prosperity for the British people T Britain started to lose its position as the richest country in the world in the 21st century F (20th century)
True or false?
Put the following phrases into the correct period of time

a. The beginning of the English class system The Roman Period b. Enormous increase in wealth c. Power of the great barons was weakened d. Introduced new farming methods e. Iron Age Celtic Culture f. British territory expansion h. A system of government department was established England and Scotland were united Urban development
g. Impressive development in many fields of the society
i.
j.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
k. Industrial revolution Prehistory e l. Brought Christianity to m The Roman period Britain The Germanic invasion d, l m. Built the Hadrians Wall a The medieval period n. No longer the richest c, h The sixteenth century country i The seventeenth century f, j, k The eighteenth century B, g The nineteenth century The twentieth century n Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B
References
O Driscoll, Britain. OUP Oxford Advanced Learners Encyclopedic Dictionary en.wikipedia.org www.englishmonarchs.co.uk www.british-history.ac.uk

History of The UK

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Unit 1: A Brief History of the U.K.

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

built about 4600 years ago

The Roman period (43-410)

The ancient Roman Republic

The Roman period (43-410)

The Hadrians Wall

(most of) England & Wales: The Roman province of Britannia

The Hadrians Wall

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

The Roman period

The Germanic Invasions

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

The Germanic Invasions

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

Invasions of The Anglo-Saxons

King Arthur, who fought against the invading AngloSaxons

Anglo-Saxons 5th century

Invasions of The Anglo-Saxons

Cornwall (in red)

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

The Germanic Invasions

Introduce new farming methods

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

The Viking Expansion

The Germanic Invasions

The Germanic Invasions

The Danes soon converted to Christianity Political unification easier

The Germanic Invasions

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

The Germanic Invasions

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

10th century: Scotland=Gaelic kingdom

Vikings 8th century

10th century: England = Germanic kingdom

8th century B.C. Anglo-Saxons 5th century

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

The medieval period

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

Norman invasion in the medieval period

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

The medieval period

Great lords or Barons

Lesser lords Peasants

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

The medieval period

Wales: under the English kings direct rule

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

The medieval period

The lords remained loyal to the English king

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

The medieval period

The lords remained loyal to the English king

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

The 16th century

Compiler: Nguyen Hong Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thuy B

The 16th century

The Bubonic Plague (the Black Death)