Miller HostageCrisis

Dr.
Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation
Dr. Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation
PRINCIPLES OF CRISIS INTERVENTION

The best form of crisis intervention is crisis prevention. All successful crisis intervention involves crisis prevention.
The principles of crisis intervention are universal.
Dr. Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation 4
20/20 Hindsight = 20/20 Insight = 20/20 Foresight!

TYPES OF PREVENTION
Primary
Prevention Prevention
Secondary Tertiary
Prevention
BASIC CRISIS INTERVENTION MODEL

Define the problem. Ensure safety. Provide support. Examine alternatives. Practical supports. Coping mechanisms. Make a plan.

Short- and long-term plans.
Obtain commitment.
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT

Majority of patrol time in routine citizen contact. Reduction in call-backs to family disturbances. Improved handling of hot calls. Reduced need for physical force. Its all about repeat customers.
BASIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT

Allow venting (not spewing). Modulate voice. Show concern. Respond calmly. Change the subject. Use note-taking. Use body language. Get basic information. Move person physically.
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION PROCESSES

Paralanguage.
Active
listening. Kinesics. Proxemics. Intimate space. Personal space. Social space. Public space.
HISTORY OF HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
Prior to 1973: Walk away. Manpower and firepower. Communication skills of individual officer.
1970s: International terrorism. Domestic civil disturbances and political violence. 1972 Munich. 1973 Stockholm.
HISTORY OF HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
Dr. Harvey Schlossberg, NYPD (1979):

View hostage scenario as crisis for the HT.
Contain & negotiate.

Understand HTs motivation & personality. Dynamic inactivity: Slow down incident &
put time on your side.

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HOSTAGE CRISES: FACTS & STATS

Only
18% of law enforcement crises deal with actual hostage-taking. Most dangerous periods:
First 15-45 minutes. Tactical assault. Surrender.
52% of hostage incidents involve HTs with a diagnosed mental disorder. Most common diagnoses:
Paranoia. Depression. Antisocial Personality disorder.
Anger + Depression + Paranoia = DANGER!


Assaults = 78% injury or death rate. Sniper fire = 100% injury or death rate. Containment and negotiation = 90-95% success rate. Crisis teams with a mental health consultant are rated more effective. Police departments rate negotiation communication training as most valuable skills used by negotiators.
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TYPES OF HOSTAGE CRISES
Planned operational hostage scenario.

Criminals plan to use hostages in big-score
heist. Prisoners use hostages in an escape attempt or to force demands. Hostages are taken as part of workplace violence scenario.
Planned ideological hostage scenario.

Political or religious terrorists seize hostages to
force demands.
Miscalculated robbery.
Criminals are trapped with inadvertent hostages.
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TYPES OF HOSTAGE CRISES
Escalating domestic crisis.

Family member barricades self and others. Family member plans display suicide or
homicide.
Escalating routine police encounter.

Disgruntled citizen escalates street or traffic
encounter.
Mentally disordered hostage taker.

Psychotic subject seizes hostages as part of
delusional system. Hostage scenario is really suicide or suicide-bycop.

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Cognitive Skills:

CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL HOSTAGE NEGOTIATORS
Insightfulness. General Intelligence. Practical, street-wise intelligence. Logical thinking. Clear thinking. Abstract thinking. Verbal fluency. Imaginative and creative problem-solving. Ambiguity tolerance. Total commitment to the negotiating approach.
Personality/Temperament:

CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL HOSTAGE NEGOTIATORS
Decisiveness. Self-control. Assertiveness Determination. Success-orientation. Self-confidence. Self-reliance. Persistence. Frustration tolerance. Truthfulness. Perceptive/intuitive: can read others. Can use constructive manipulation. Comfortable in leadership role, but can be team player.
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CRISIS RESPONSE TEAM STRUCTURE

Different structures for different departmental needs. Team Leader. On-Scene Commander. Primary Negotiator. Secondary Negotiator(s). Intelligence Officer. Communications Officer. Tactical Team (SWAT, Marksmen) Mental Health Clinician.
CRISIS RESPONSE TEAM: ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGIST
Team development and training.

Expertise in human behavior. Selection of negotiators. Training in psychological aspects of crisis
management and hostage negotiation. Organizational development and teambuilding. Address liability issues. Enhance police department image.
CRISIS RESPONSE TEAM: ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGIST
Operational assistance.

Psychological profiling of HTs. Monitor progress of negotiations. Advise on negotiation strategies. Assess risk and danger level. Advise on tactical decisions. Monitor mental status of negotiators. Debrief negotiating team. Doc know your place.
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HOSTAGE CRISES: HIGHRISK CONTEXTUAL FACTORS
Hostage is known to and/or deliberately selected by HT. Past history of problems between HT and victim have required police response. Past history of other impulsive, aggressive acts. Multiple life stressors. Lack of family or social support. Cultural background condemning loss of face. Diagnosed mental illness.
HOSTAGE CRISES: HIGHRISK SITUATIONAL FACTORS
Expressions of hopelessness and helplessness. Verbalized intent to commit suicide. Making a verbal will setting affairs in order. No substantive demands. Direct threats to hostages. Injury to hostages. Test-firing of weapon or other deliberately provocative action.
SW,E?
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CRISIS RESPONSE: BASIC PROTOCOL

Subject(s) contained and perimeter secured. Tactical team deployed. Communication established with subject. Intelligence gathering. Scene control.
Traffic. Medical response. Media. Community.

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HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: FIRST RESPONDER ACTIONS

Ensure officer and public safety. Get information. Use calming and distracting techniques. Avoid soliciting demands. Sidestep expressed demands. Reassure: no frontal assaults. Minimize seriousness thus far. Avoid deception. Help is on the way.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: GENERAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
Open with introduction and statement of purpose. Inquire about medical needs. Inquire about welfare of all parties. Speak slowly and calmly. Minimize background distractions. Avoid unnecessary profanity. Focus on HT, not hostages. Ask what HT likes to be called; when in doubt, address respectfully.
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HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: GENERAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
If not sure what HT is saying, ask for clarification. Downplay HTs actions thus far. Adapt conversation to HTs vocabulary level. Strive for honesty and credibility. Be supportive about outcome. Compliment HT for positive actions. Allow venting, but deflect escalation.
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HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: VERBAL COMMUNICATION TACTICS

Concerned, caring, interested attitude. Reasonable problem-solver. Buddy-fellow traveler. Det. Columbo: dumb but trying. Firm, accepting-directing. Nonjudgmental and helpful. Compassionate but competent.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: VERBAL COMMUNICATION TACTICS

Reinforce appropriate behavior.

Authentic chameleon be flexible.
Avoid:

Arguments. Power plays. Moralizing. Diagnosing.

ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS

Active listening techniques comprise the fundamental skillset for any kind of crisis intervention. They are multipurpose communication tools that can be effectively applied to a wide range of routine and emergency scenarios, from psychotherapy, to business negotiation, to hostage and crisis intervention.
ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS

Emotion Labeling. Paraphrasing. Reflecting/Mirroring Minimal Encouragers. Silence. I Messages. Open-Ended Questions.
ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: EMOTION LABELING
Dont rush to problem-solve.

Respond to emotion, not content. Demonstrate that you are listening and tuned in. Dont worry about mistakes.
ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: EMOTION LABELING
Be alert for:
Missing emotions. Conflicting emotions. Inappropriate emotions.
Examples:
You sound..... You seem..... I hear.....
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ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: PARAPHRASING
Creates empathy and rapport: Im really hearing you. Clarifies and highlights important issues. Encourages subject to slow down and listen. Promotes verbal give-and-take. Doesnt put subject on the defensive. Hearing ones own thoughts aloud provides clarification and a new perspective.
ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: PARAPHRASING

Summarize in your own words what the subject has just told you. Be careful not to add or embellish. Structure paraphrases in a way that solicits confirmation of the subjects thoughts and/feelings. Examples: Are you telling me....? What I hear you saying is.... Let me see if I have this right.... So....
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ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: REFLECTING/MIRRORING
Solicits more input without actually asking. Fills time: allows negotiator to collect thoughts and plan further interventions. Encourages subject to think about what he or the negotiator has said. Repeat the last word or phrase, or a key word or phrase, that the subject has said, and put a question mark after it. For example:
Subject: Im getting really pissed off at being taken
advantage of. Negotiator: Youre pissed off?
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ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: MINIMAL ENCOURAGERS

Lets subject know the negotiator is listening, but doesnt interfere with flow of subjects narrative. Builds rapport and encourages further communication. Minimal encouragers: sounds or words expressing attention and interest:
Oh? I see. Yeah. Uh-huh. When? Really? You do?

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ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: SILENCE & PAUSES

Buys time. Forces subject to fill time with talk: usually advantageous to keep subject talking. Silence serves to emphasize a point made by:

the hostage-taker. the negotiator.

Combine silence with minimal encouragers. Combine silence with other active listening techniques.
ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: I MESSAGES
Lets subject know how hes making negotiator feel and what he can do to affect the situation. Conveys information in a non-threatening manner. Does not put subject on the defensive. Helps defuse intense emotions. Helps counteract subjects manipulations. Helps refocus subject during verbal attacks. I feel...when you...because...
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ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS

Encourages subject to say more without the negotiator actually directing the conversation. Cannot be answered with a simple yes or no. Obtain information with fewer questions. Help subject start talking. Combine with closed-ended questions.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: INTELLIGENCE & INFORMATIONGATHERING
Intelligence gathering is joint responsibility of tactical unit and negotiating team. Ultimate success of hostage negotiation often depends on intelligence gathering and dissemination of information. Selective intelligence gathering: not too much or too little. Rapid information gathering and analysis. Reduce data to writing as soon as possible.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: INTELLIGENCE & INFORMATIONGATHERING
Types of intelligence data:

Past and present relationships. Previous aggressive or criminal acts. Modus operandi. HT alone or with collaborators. Weapons. Unusual demands. Special traits, habits, behaviors. Medical and/or psychiatric diagnoses. Social ideologies, religious beliefs.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: DEMANDS

Dont ask for demands. Dont offer anything. Dont dismiss any demand as trivial. Use demands as profiling tool. Never say no (never?). Not saying no is not the same as saying yes. Dont give anything not specifically asked for. Dont give more than absolutely necessary to fulfill the agreement.
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HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: DEMANDS
Dont give anything without getting something in return. First negotiate for sick or injured hostages. Let HT make the first offer of how many hostages are released. If only demand is to die, tactical response may be imminent. Be careful about suggesting alternatives: Paranoid subject may fear control. Imbue negotiator with too much power.
NEGOTIABLE & NONNEGOTIABLE DEMANDS
Negotiable Demands.

Food. Drinks. Cigarettes. Environmental controls. Alcohol (?) Media coverage (?) Transportation (?) Money (?) Freedom (?)
NEGOTIABLE & NONNEGOTIABLE DEMANDS
Non-Negotiable Demands.
Weapons. Drugs. Release of prisoners. Exchange of hostages. Gray areas?
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HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: DEADLINES & TIME
Very few deaths have occurred as a result of deadlines. Deaths prior to the start of negotiations dont count for tactical intervention. Dont set deadlines. Log HTs deadlines. Ignore HTs deadlines. Talk through deadlines. If no contact, call HT prior to deadline and initiate distracting conversation.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: DEADLINES & TIME

Time upside: generally, the more time passed without injury, the better the outcome. Time downside: longer incident = greater mental and physical exhaustion = poorer judgment and greater impulsivity. Use time to expend adrenalin and wear down HT, but beware of total exhaustion. Never take action just to do something.
DEMANDS: PROBLEMSOLVING STRUCTURE
Define the problem: Everybody out safely. Brainstorm solutions: give HT buy-in. Eliminate unacceptable solutions. Choose the best possible solution. Plan the implementation. Implement the plan. Assess the outcome. Repeat and modify as necessary.
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HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: POSITIVE SIGNS OF PROGRESS
Less violent content in HTs speech. HT talks more often and longer to negotiator. HT speaks at slower rate, lower volume and pitch. HT talks more about personal issues. Deadline is talked past without incident. Threats decrease or stop. Increasing time passes without injury. Hostages are released.
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HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: NEGATIVE SIGNS OF PROGRESS

No rapport between HT and negotiator. No clear demands or outrageous demands. HT sets deadline for own death. HT insists on face-to-face negotiations. HT makes final plans. HT calls for clergy. Clearly depressed HT denies suicidality. Weapon tied to HT and/or hostages. HT becomes angry and emotional during negotiations. HT insists particular person(s) be brought to scene. Use of alcohol or drugs.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: SURRENDER RITUAL
For HT, typically 4 perceived options:

Escape. Surrender. Suicide. Homicide.
Surrender ritual must be carefully planned and choreographed: practical and psychological reasons.
Discuss surrender and arrest plan with tactical team ahead of time. Dont use the word surrender.

Emphasize what HT has to gain by coming out at this time. Minimize damage thus far. Find out what assurances are needed and can be accommodated. Be sensitive to personal and cultural issues. Discuss coming-out scenarios and identify a mutually acceptable plan: real negotiating to get HT buy-in. Carefully explain what to expect:
What subject will see and hear. What subject should do.
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If still in communication, talk the subject through the sequence of events. Let the subject set the pace: now is not the time to rush things. Never take a weapon that is offered:
Ask him to throw the weapon(s) out the window. Ask him to unload weapon. Ask him to leave weapon behind.
The crisis is not over until the HT is securely in custody.

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HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: POST-SURRENDER STRATEGIES
When is it over?

Arrest. Informational debriefing. Trial. Incarceration. Repeat customers. Other customers.

HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: POST-SURRENDER STRATEGIES
Avoid unnecessary physical or verbal roughness during arrest. Negotiatior should not be arresting officer. Maintain empathic engagement, rapport, and communication with HT. Praise HT for his contribution in successfully resolving this crisis. Should negotiator testify at trial?
STOCKHOLM SYNDROME
Named after a 1973 incident in Sweden in which 4 employees were held for 5 days in a bank vault. Refers to a situation in which the hostages express positive feelings toward the hostage taker and hostile feelings toward authorities. Exception, rather than the rule. Consider personality of HTs and hostages.
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STOCKHOLM SYNDROME
Most likely to occur when: hostage situation is lengthy. hostage takers have frequent contact with hostages. interaction is positive.
Other examples: Mary McElroy, 1933. Patty Hearst, 1974.

Also: Lima Syndrome: HTs develop sympathy for hostages. Cairo Syndrome: HTs develop animosity toward hostages.
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HOSTAGE REACTIONS: POSITIVE & NEGATIVE PREDICTORS

Age. Education. Ability to affiliate. Length of captivity. Prior life experiences. Special training. Social support systems. Philosophical, spiritual outlook. Depression or other mental disorder.
HOSTAGE REACTIONS: SURVIVORS

Dont stand out. Blend in with other hostages. Dont try to be leaders. Obey reasonable orders. Control outward appearance. Contain hostility and/or anxiety. Refrain from debates.
HOSTAGE REACTIONS: SURVIVORS

Project calmness and confidence, but not cockiness. Accept and adjust to situation. Retain faith in rescue. Form affiliations with other hostages. Use positive fantasy and daydreaming. Use humor and imagery. Try to get rest.
HOSTAGE REACTIONS: SUCCUMBERS

Stand out. Try to be leaders. Act defiant. Show hostility. Too complacent, subservient. Plead and beg raise everyones anxiety level. Believe they have been abandoned. Focus on hopelessness and despair. Isolate selves from other hostages. Allow selves to get exhausted.
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SURVIVING A HOSTAGE CRISIS: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HOSTAGES

The first 15-45 minutes are the most dangerous. The longer HT and hostages are together, the less likelihood of injury (cf. Stockholm syndrome). Follow (reasonable) instructions of HT. When things calm down, inform HT of any medical needs.
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Speak only when spoken to. Answer questions concisely dont blather. Be cooperative; dont argue. Dont stare, but dont turn your back to the HT: watch body language. Dont make suggestions to HT; dont help.

Be patient; try to rest. Try to maintain faith in rescue and survival. Use fantasy and daydreaming about loved ones and positive plans for the future. Maintain affiliation with other hostages, if permitted.
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Observe environment and events around you, but dont be obvious about it. If permitted to speak on the phone, answer yes or no. Dont try to escape unless absolutely necessary. If you hear or see signs of rescue attempt, stay down.
HOSTAGE REACTIONS: ONSCENE DEBRIEFING

Interview hostages in safe, comfortable, familiar surroundings. Empower hostages by allowing them to choose interview site. Dont forget physically unharmed victims. Allow productive ventilation.
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HOSTAGE REACTIONS: ONSCENE DEBRIEFING

Explain why authorities acted as they did. Reassure hostages that they acted properly. If crisis is ongoing, gather useful intelligence. Ask hostages for their advice on future hostage situations. Keep hostages families in the loop. Refer hostages and families for further intervention, if needed.
CRISIS INTERVENTION WITH MENTALLY DISORDERED SUBJECTS
Mental health calls account for 5-10% (more?) for police service. Police are about as likely to receive a mental health call as a robbery call. A significant number of mental health-related calls deal with aggressive behavior. Many of these incidents occur as part of a domestic dispute call. Violence risk is highest for psychotic subjects experiencing paranoid delusions and persecutory command hallucinations.
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Substance abuse increases violence risk among mentally ill at least 3-fold. Arrest rates are generally higher for mentally-ill subjects than other citizens but the same for domestic violence. Disrespect toward officers (C.O.C.) results in greater likelihood of arrest for both mentally ill and other citizens. Officers view mentally ill as more dangerous and less in control of their actions.
Dual-diagnosis subjects more likely to be arrested due to (1) greater violence risk, (2) less likelihood of hospital acceptance.
Officers are more likely to use civil commitment if they believe that the mental health system will accept violent cases.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Signs, symptoms, syndromes, traits, and disorders. General inappropriateness. Orientation x3. Inflexibility, rigidity. Impulsivity. Anxiety and panic. Depression and suicidality. Constricted, blunted, or labile affect.

Impaired cognition: attention, concentration, memory, etc. Speech: tangential, circumstantial, perseverative, pressured, slow, aphasic, mute. Flight of ideas. Paranoia & feelings of persecution. Grandiose ideas. Ideas of reference.

Delusions: grandiose, persecutory. Hallucinations: auditory, visual, olfactory, etc. Somatic preoccupations or delusions. Social interaction: guarded, provocative, responsive or nonresponsive, cooperative or uncooperative. Confusion and disorientation. Aggression, violence, and destructive behavior.
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RESPONDING TO MENTALLY DISORDERED SUBJECTS

Calls involving known mentally disturbed individuals should be answered by more than one officer. Send uniformed officers. Ascertain physical health of subject. Utilize calm-show-of-force principle. Avoid a spectator circus. Keep a safe distance and move slowly.

Avoid unnecessary threats and dont automatically meet hostility with hostility but, Be cautious: dont underestimate subjects size or demeanor. Provide reasonable reassurance. Avoid simultaneous conversation: one officer should be the talker.
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Solicit help, if possible, from family or friends of the disturbed person but, Be careful that others will not further agitate the subject. Avoid lying or deception (they may be crazy, but theyre not stupid). Your weapon less likely to be intimidating. Neither argue nor agree with subjects delusions.

Assess for suicidality. Record paranoid subjects complaints: realistic or ridiculous, vague or specific. Stay with the disturbed person until additional help arrives or, Transport to appropriate community facility. Take your time about transporting subject or taking into custody.

DEALING WITH POTENTIALLY VIOLENT SUBJECTS
When approaching a situation, size up and analyze the scene. Begin encounter with tact, patience, and respect. Dont play games with violence-prone persons. Listen to both the content and the emotion of whats being said. Allow nonviolent verbal venting: use up adrenalin.
DEALING WITH POTENTIALLY VIOLENT SUBJECTS
Avoid getting personal: keep it professional but, Dont be a robocop: use humor if appropriate. Give excited subjects time to calm down. Leave subjects a face-saving way out. Avoid making threats unless fully prepared to back them up; use as last resort.
MENTAL DISORDERS: PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS

Positive symptoms: Delusions & hallucinations. Negative symptoms: Impaired thought, mood, volition, and behavior.
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Schizophrenia:
Disorganized type Catatonic type Paranoid type Undifferentiated type
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Delusional Disorder:
Erotomanic type Jealous type Grandiose type Persecutory type Somatic type
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS: RISK FACTORS FOR VIOLENCE

Prevalence of self-reported violence is 5 times higher in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia rate is 3 times higher in prisons than in general population. Factors that increase violence risk in psychotic disorders: Presence of persecutory delusions and/or command hallucinations. Comoribid substance abuse. Possession of weapons. Commission of illegal acts that escalate to violence with police confrontation.
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HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH PSYCHOTIC SUBJECTS

Underlying emotion may be fear or anger. Subjects need to explain often basis of rapport. Neither agree nor disagree with delusions. Acknowledge delusions but keep reality focus. Ally yourself with subjects perspective and situation. Avoid use of family members: they may be part of delusional system. Be aware of possible bias against mental health system and practitioners. Use eye contact, body language, voice control, proxemics, etc.
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HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH PARANOID SUBJECTS

Paranoia cuts across several syndromes. Open negotiations in logical, unemotional, factual manner. Keep voice calm and even. Show reasonable respect and interest. Ask for subjects view of the situation. Dont try to dissuade. Avoid deception or manipulation. Be careful about rapport.
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HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH PARANOID SUBJECTS

Paraphrase without criticism. Respond to anger by requesting clarification. Allow productive ventilation, but not escalation. Utilize distraction. Sidestep delusions. Use inclusive language carefully. Focus negotiations on problem-solving.
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MENTAL DISORDER: ANXIETY DISORDERS

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Phobias Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
POSTTRAUMATTIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)

Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD:
I. Stressor Criterion II. Intrusion/Re-experiencing - memory - imagery - dreams - flashbacks III. Numbing/Avoidance IV. Hyperarousal
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MENTAL DISORDERS: MOOD DISORDERS

Major Depressive Disorder Dysthymic Disorder Bipolar Disorder (manic-depression) Cyclothymic Disorder Mood Disorders and Suicide
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HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH DEPRESSED SUBJECTS
Take nurturing parent/supportive authority figure stance. Begin conversation at slow pace and gradually pick up pace over time. Begin with open-ended questions and expect long pauses. Ask direct, closed-ended questions if necessary. Reflect feelings.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH DEPRESSED SUBJECTS

Keep time perspective in the present. Keep discussion concrete: avoid religious or philosophical content. Address suicidality, especially SBC. Postpone suicide rather than dissuade. Offer promise of immediate help. Beware of sudden improvement, especially if unrelated to intervention.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH BIPOLAR SUBJECTS
Hostage crises may arise out of the manic or depressed phases, often the transition. May use drugs to keep the high going. Thought & speech may be pressured, rapid, or delusional. High energy and decreased need for sleep: wear out negotiators. Be alert to volatility, concreteness, and paranoia. Be straightforward and direct. Pay special attention to venting vs. ranting.
SUICIDE MYTHS (?)
Those who threaten suicide dont really do it. Discussing suicide will motivate the person to do it. Suicide is always an irrational act. Suicide is always an impulsive act. Persons who commit suicide are mentally ill. Suicide runs in families. Once suicidal, always suicidal. Once the suicidal crisis has passed, or mood improved, the danger is over.
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SUICIDE FACTS
Suicidal crises tend to be short. Most completed suicides are carried out by people suffering from stress-triggered, untreated clinical depression, often complicated by alcohol use. With appropriate treatment, 70% of depressed, suicidal people respond favorably within a matter of weeks. Most effective treatments combine antidepressant medication with psychotherapy.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUICIDAL PERSONS
Common stimulus = unendurable pain, physical or psychological. Common stressor = frustrated psychological needs. Common emotion = helplessness and hopelessness. Common cognitive state = constriction, tunnel vision. Common goal = cessation of consciousness. Common intent = interpersonal communication.
SUICIDE RISK FACTORS

Older age. Male. Caucasian. Family history of suicide. History of previous suicide attempts. History and/or currently depressed. History and/or currently psychotic. History and/or current substance use. Specific intent and/or plan. Available means. Experienced recent loss. Anniversary of loss or trauma. Ruminating on past trauma or slights. Medical crisis. Living alone, isolated from others. Making final plans. Recent radical mood changes.
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SUICIDE BY COP
Suicide by Cop (SBC) coined in 1983 by Karl Harris, California Police Officer and Psychologist.
Suicide by Victim-Precipitated Homicide. Law Enforcement-Assisted Suicide.
SUICIDE BY COP: FACTS & STATS
Up to 10% of 600 fatal police shootings per year may be provoked SBC incidents. Most incidents involve uniformed, on-duty officers. Responding to armed robbery is single most common category, followed by domestic call. In nearly 1/3 of SBC cases, subjects leave suicide notes apologizing to police for deliberately drawing fire. Effect on officers: powerlessness and manipulation; many retire early.
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TYPICAL SBC SUBJECT
Caucasian. Mid-20s. History of alcohol/drug abuse. Previous contact with law enforcement, usually minor. Depression and hopelessness. Not necessarily socially isolated but, Rupture of important relationship. Most common diagnosis: schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
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SBC: CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES (Wilson et al., 1998)

Most subjects were white males. All incidents were perceived as lifethreatening to officers, family, or hostages. All subjects resisted arrest and verbally threatened homicide. Two-thirds of the subjects took hostages. All subjects possessed an apparent firearm or other weapon. All subjects threatened others with a weapon during the incident.
SBC: CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES (Wilson et al., 1998)

60 percent used the weapon with apparent intent to harm others. 40 percent were intoxicated with alcohol, but other drug use was rare. 47 percent had history of previous suicide attempts. 40 percent had documented psychiatric diagnoses. 60 percent had histories suggesting psychiatric disorder. The most common diagnoses were depression and substance abuse.
SUICIDE BY COP: MOTIVATIONS

Instrumental
goals.
Escape consequences of actions. Forced confrontation with police to reconcile
failed relationship. Avoid exclusion clauses of life insurance policies. Solution to moral or religious problem of suicide. Seeking most lethal means of suicide.
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SUICIDE BY COP: MOTIVATIONS

Expressive
goals.
Hopelessness, depression, desperation. Rage and revenge: NWAG. Expression of needs for power and
importance. Reinforcement of ultimate victim status. Subdued by overwhelming force rather than surrender as face-saving gesture.
SUICIDE BY COP: VERBAL CUES

Explicit demands/challenges for authorities to kill subject. Giving up. Deadline set for authorities to kill subject. Threats to kill or harm others. Gives verbal will. Tells others he wants to die.
SUICIDE BY COP: VERBAL CUES

Looking for brave way out. Blaze-of-glory. Noble loser. Offers to surrender to person in charge. Indicates elaborate plans for own death and/or funeral. Biblical references, e.g. heaven, resurrection.
SUICIDE BY COP: BEHAVIORAL CUES
Subject calls police himself to report crime in progress. No instrumental demands, or unrealistic demands especially, No escape demands. Refuses to negotiate. Intoxication. Assaults or harms others with police present. Self-harm with police present.
SUICIDE BY COP: BEHAVIORAL CUES

Brandishes weapon. Points weapon at police. Clears a firing threshold in barricade situation. Shoots at police. Reaches for weapon or apparent weapon. Advances on police line when ordered to stop. Points weapon at self. Even when wounded, continues aggressive action.
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SUICIDE BY COP: SITUATIONAL CUES

Has killed a significant person. Has killed a prized pet. Has destroyed or disposed of valued possessions. Faces serious legal trouble. Faces shameful life situation. Depression or other mental disorder. Serious medical diagnosis. Serious traumatic loss. Prior police contact around suicide or violence risk issues.
SUICIDE BY COP: HISTORICAL & DEMOGRAPHIC CUES

Poor socioeconomic background. Criminal history including violence. Mental health history including violence. Previous commitment or hospitalization for danger to self or others. Family member killed in police shootout. Identification with other SBC or blazeof-glory subjects. Religious beliefs rationalizing SBC.

POLICE RESPONSE TO AN ONGOING SUICIDE CALL
Take every call seriously. Introduce yourself and your organization, using name and title. Secure the scene. Assess threat to safety of: subject. yourself. third parties. Establish rapport, e.g. ask subject what they like to be called.
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Evaluate suicide risk.

Intent: remote vs. immediate. Plan: vague vs. detailed. Means: availability and lethality.
Give lots of reassurance. Try to determine the main problem.

Anger: no magic replay. Hopeless/helpless: consider alternatives.
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Comply with reasonable requests. Acknowledge subjects control of situation. Offer alternatives, realistic optimism. After crisis is resolved, provide additional validation and reassurance: remember repeat customers.
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SUICIDE INTERVENTION: BASIC STRATEGIES

Define
the problem. Ensure safety. Provide support. Examine options. Make plans. Obtain commitment.
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SUICIDE INTERVENTION: SPECIFIC STEPS

Identify and label negative emotions. Identify triggering thoughts and events. Identify automatic thoughts that are maintaining this emotional state. Help subject recognize central importance of this perception or belief. Collect evidence that is inconsistent with this perception or belief.
SUICIDE INTERVENTION: SPECIFIC STEPS
Identify the most persuasive evidence against the perception or belief. Develop an alternative, more adaptive conceptualization of the triggering event. Help subject see how his/her mood would shift if he/she were to accept this alternative viewpoint. Develop behavioral plan to use new perspective to cope with present crisis. Obtain commitment for follow-up.
POLICE RESPONSE TO A RESOLVED SUICIDE CALL
Just because its over doesnt mean its over.

Subject still unstable. Possible repeat customer.
Introduce yourself by name and department. Reassure subject, family, and others of your intent to help (not arrest, etc.). Offer to escort subject and family to appropriate mental health facility. If necessary, institute involuntary commitment procedures.
POLICE RESPONSE TO A COMPLETED SUICIDE

Identify yourself and your agency. Secure the scene. Note details for investigation (e.g. suicide vs. homicide). Offer aid and support to survivors. Provide referral information and offer to escort to appropriate facility.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Personality: traits, types, clusters and disorders.

General features of personality disorders:
Short-term changeability, long-term
stability. Multiple life crises. Come to law enforcement attention as perpetrators and/or victims.
THE PROBLEM OFFICER: PERSONALITY DISORDERS

Anxious Cluster
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality
Disorder
123
Odd Cluster

Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
124
Dramatic Cluster

Histrionic Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH AVOIDANTDEPENDANT HTs
Provide understanding and uncritical acceptance. Help find a way to resolve the crisis without the subject feeling like hes failed again.
Keep friends and relatives away from scene, so subject does not feel temptation to prove himself.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH BORDERLINE HTs
Borderline features: emotional instability, fear of abandonment, sulking depression, vengeful anger, impulsivity, suicidality. Hostage crisis most likely relationship-based. May make unreasonable demands or no substantive demands. Use active listening techniques to build rapport and defuse emotions. Stay with subject to preclude impulsive action.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH BORDERLINE HTs
Be cautious about venting: may escalate to loss of control. Provide soothing reassurance, empathy, support, and structure. Be alert for clues to suicide and homicide. Be careful about family member and other third party involvement. Be careful about Stockholm syndrome.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH HISTRIONIC HTs
Crises are typically relationship-based. Story may continually change: impressionistic cognitive style. Emotions may fluctuate from flirtatious to rageful to depressed. Gratify need for attention and sympathy. Emphasize credit and positive attention theyll receive for a successful resolution.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH NARCISSISTIC HTs

Righteous indignation may fuel workplace or family crisis. Narcissistic HT may try to bond with negotiator: air of camaraderie. Allow HT to take your side & emphasize mutual problem-solving. Be deferential but authoritative: colleague-to-colleague.
130
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER - PSYCHOPATH

Egocentricity, lack of empathy, and need for immediate gratification. Excessive need for stimulation and excitement. Impulsivity and difficulty sustaining goal-directed behavior. Failure to learn from punishment. Glibness and superficial charm. Poor academic and work history but not always. Exploitive and/or predatory lifestyle. High rate of substance abuse and criminal activity long history.
131
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH ANTISOCIALPSYCHOPATHIC HTs

Most common scenario: robbery or prison escape. Psychopath does not form attachments, uses people for his own needs, and craves stimulation. Reasonable, problem-solving approach. Buddy approach. Detective Columbo approach.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH ANTISOCIALPSYCHOPATHIC HTs
Appeal to self-interest: release of hostages = less baggage, lighter penalty, etc. Promise only what you can deliver. Dont try to outbullshit a bullshitter. Keep it bland, but not boring. Keep subject busy and involved with negotiator to keep mind off hostages. Avoid third-party intermediaries.
ALCOHOL & DRUG ABUSE: EFFECTS

Substance abuse vs. dependence Intoxication effects Withdrawal effects Alcoholic hallucinosis Pathological intoxication Delirium tremens Substance-induced brain damage W-K syndrome & alcoholic dementia Proxy effects
ALCOHOL & DRUG ABUSE: COMMON SUBSTANCES

Alcohol Sedative-Hypnotics Stimulants Opiates Hallucinogens Organic Hydrocarbons Anabolic Steroids
DEALING WITH DRUG & ALCOHOL INTOXICATION

Distinguish intoxication from other medical conditions and/or mental disorders. Seek necessary medical aid. Gather adequate information. Check for weapons. Assess for danger to self and/or others. Use tact and patience to a point.
DEALING WITH DRUG & ALCOHOL INTOXICATION

If necessary, call for backup. If necessary, use defensive and/or control techniques: spray, impact, restraint, etc. Transport to receiving facility or make arrest. Baker Act, Marchman Act. Get used to repeat customers.
MENTAL DISORDERS: ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROMES
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Dementia: Alzheimers disease and others Toxic-metabolic syndromes. Traumatic brain injury: postconcussion syndrome e.g.TBI-PTSD veterans. Epilepsy and seizure disorders. Mental retardation. Comorbidities with other syndromes.
138
ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROMES: DEMENTIA
Disorientation.
Time. Place. Person.
Aphasia: impaired understanding and expression of language. Apraxia: impaired motor skills. Agnosia: impaired recognition.
ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROMES: DEMENTIA
Amnesia: impaired short-term memory and temporal gradient for long-term memory. Aprosodia: flattened emotional expression and impaired emotional understanding. Agitation and sundowning. Impulsive or fearful aggression. Inappropriate and/or criminal behavior.
140
DEMENTIA: LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE

Check for ID. Assess for medical need. Focal vs. generalized signs and symptoms. Calm subject down. Ask simple questions. Be directive. Transport home or to hospital.
ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROMES: EPILEPSY
Epilepsy is not a mental illness, but may be comorbid with several medical or psychiatric disorders. Seizure classification. Grand mal. Petit mal. Jacksonian. Psychomotor or temporal lobe seizures. Medication effects.
142
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION WITH ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROMES

Usually elder with dementia: confused and barricaded. Medical crisis or relationship crisis. Impaired perception and cognition. Statements simple, direct, concrete, and positive. Emphasize voice tone. Utilize distraction. Simple, direct instructions. Gentle tactical incursion. Provide medical backup.
143
TEMPORAL LOBE SEIZURES: SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Abrupt onset and gradual recovery. Disorientation and impaired consciousness. Sensory disturbances. May be nonresponsive to questioning and commands. Forced thinking, forced emotions, forced memories. Delusions and hallucinations.
TEMPORAL LOBE SEIZURES: SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Deja vu, jamais vu, deja etendu, jamais etendu. Automatisms and perseveration. Wandering. Undressing. Bathroom behavior. Sexual behavior. Theft and shoplifting. Assault and harassment. Violent behavior. Interictal TLE personality syndrome. Episodic dyscontrol syndrome, or intermittent explosive disorder.

145
TEMPORAL LOBE SEIZURES: LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE
Check for medic ID bracelet, other ID, or medication vials. Use minimal restraint for safety till seizure passes (minutes). Herding techniques. Simple, direct instructions. Dont argue with symptoms. Remember: violence is usually in response to feelings of threat. Call EMS or transport to facility.
Formal definition of mental retardation = IQ below 70. Mental retardation not the same as mental illness, but may be associated with it. May have isolated areas of normal or even superior functioning. Mental retardation may or may not be an exculpatory or mitigating factor in criminal responsibility. Mentally retarded offenders comprise about 510% of the prison population.
MENTALLY RETARDED SUBJECTS: CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
147
MENTALLY RETARDED SUBJECTS: IDENTIFYING CHARACTERISTICS

General appearance and demeanor. Dress and clothing. Movement and coordination. Speech and vocabulary. Repeating questions. Reside in a group home or attend special school?
MENTALLY RETARDED SUBJECTS: LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE
Identify their name and residence? Button their clothes? Give coherent directions? Repeat a question in their own words? Write their names clearly? Recognize coins and make change? Tell time? Use a telephone?
149
MENTALLY RETARDED SUBJECTS: LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE
Identify if suspect, victim, or witness. Ask questions in simple language. Ask open-ended questions; avoid yes-orno. Be on guard for overcompliant responses. Document interviews. For arrests, ensure understanding of Miranda rights: ask for rephrase in own words.
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)

High rate of ADHD in criminal justice populations. Comorbid with other syndromes: conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, learning disabilities, substance abuse. Difficulty sustaining goal-directed attention. Excessively strong emotional reactions: may seem dramatic. Poor frustration tolerance: require immediate gratification. May be overly influenced by peers: easy targets for set-ups.
ADHD: LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE
May have difficulty staying on track during encounter: keep focused. Use calming techniques for agitation and emotional outbursts. May have difficulty in verbal expression: use questioning and paraphrasing. May have poor memory, sense of direction, other cognitive disturbances. Easily bored: may yes you just to get interview over with.
NEGOTIATING WITH BRAINIMPAIRED HOSTAGE TAKERS

May overlap with medication or substance abuse. More likely to affect an elderly population, but may be seen at any age. Crisis may arise out of confusion. Almost always relationship-based, e.g. caretaker crisis or threatened move.
153
GANGS & CROWD CONTROL
Situational vs. life-course delinquency. Peer group influences. Psychodiagnostic factors: ADHD, CD, ODD, BPD, TBI, etc. Social and cultural influences. Displacement of hostility toward family and community authority figures onto police officers. Cycle of perpetrator-victim.
GANGS & CROWD CONTROL: STRATEGIES

Professional attitude. Courtesy and respect. Firm but not overbearing. Authoritative but not authoritarian: paradox of control. Listen to subjects and respond appropriately. Use judgment about strict vs. lenient enforcement. Bottom line: officer safety and enforcement of the law.
Decide on backup and/or EMS before intervening. One officer hangs back to observe scene. One officer approaches 8-10 feet of crowds edge. Dont talk about individuals in the third person or as if not present. Ignore ringleaders or big talkers. Separate 2-3 individuals at random and engage in conversation.

Maintain eye contact. Be firm, but not grim or hostile. Avoid immediate reference to citizen complaint. Avoid judgmental remarks. Avoid lecturing, sermonizing, or admonishing. Avoid personal insults or criticism.
Make I statements. Make fact-based descriptive statements. Explain but dont justify. State instructions without consequences. If no response, state consequences and be prepared to back it up. Dont lie youll be dealing with them again.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MYTHS
Domestic violence affects only a small percentage of the population. Upper-SES women dont get battered as frequently or violently as lower-SES women. Battered women are masochistic, mentally ill, uneducated, or unemployed. Battered women ask for it. Battered women could just leave if they wanted to. Batterers are not loving spouses.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MYTHS
Battering is caused by drug or alcohol abuse. Batterers just lose it. Religious beliefs will prevent battering. The police, courts, restraining orders, etc. can prevent battering. Battered women can find refuge at work. Its better to keep the family together for the sake of the children.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
Bad people: Personality and psychopathology. Learned aggression. Socioeconomic, cultural, and peer group influences. Isolation: familial, social, and geographic. Economic stress and instability. Drug abuse. Illness and disability. Pregnancy.
161
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: POLICE RESPONSE

Danger of domestic calls: Two officers respond. Negative attitudes toward domestic calls. Not real police work. Identification factor. About 1/3 of domestic disturbance calls involve a violent crime. Most frequent response to domestic violence calls: no action taken.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: POLICE RESPONSE

Arrest produces lowest recidivism rate, followed by separation, then mediation. Deterrent effect of arrest is greatest for employed, well-educated offenders. There is a subset of chronic batterers: the bad guys. Restraining orders rarely effective by themselves.
163
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: DECISION TO ARREST
Injury to victim. Threat to victim. Use of a weapon. Violence toward officers. Other felonies committed. Repeat calls and likelihood of future violence. Willingness of victim to press charges.
164
CITIZEN DISSATISFACTION WITH POLICE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE RESPONSES

Minimizing the situation. Disbelieving the victim. We dont care. Macho cop. Little or no practical information provided. Citizen satisfaction: Small human acts of caring and consideration.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: INTERVENTION STRATEGIES

Dispatchers role: Transmit as much information as possible. Unit approach. Number of officers. Officer roles. Approaching and parking. Observation and assessment. Neighbors and onlookers. Entry approach. Nature of dwelling. Approach to doorways. Communication to occupants. Safety assessment.
166
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: INTERVENTION STRATEGIES

Separate the disputants. Maintain eye contact with partner. Self-control, calm authority. Specific control techniques. Light touch: herding cattle. Verbal and nonverbal distraction. Behavioral modeling: voice tone, body language, speech content. Active listening skills. Mediation, arbitration, or arrest. Referral to special services.

POLICE OFFICER SUICIDE: FACTS & STATS
Three times as many officers commit suicide as are killed in the line of duty. Officers commit suicide as a maladaptive response to intolerable personal, family, or work situations they feel they cannot resolve. Most police suicides result from chronic stress due to a combination of relationship problems and career disappointments. Suicidality is often associated with other impulsive, violent behavior, such as domestic violence and workplace aggression.
168
POLICE OFFICER SUICIDE: PERSONALITY AND JOB FACTORS

Aggressive problem-solving. Reactive conditioning. Life-and-death beliefs. Self-reliance and infallibility. Strong need for social approval. Alcohol use and abuse.
169
POLICE OFFICER SUICIDE: OFFICER CHARACTERISTICS
High dependency needs, but unable to express or fulfill. Withdrawal from support given. Vicious cycle of isolation-rejection. Cognitive distortions: Rigidity and dichotomization. All-or-nothing value system. Death as abstraction, escape, or new existence.
POLICE OFFICER SUICIDE: RISK FACTORS
Chronic relationship or family problems. Physical illness or disability. Under criminal or administrative investigation. History of depression. Past suicide attempt(s) Alcohol or substance abuse. Ready access to lethal weapon.
171
POLICE OFFICER SUICIDE: VERBAL WARNING SIGNS

Threatening self. Threatening others. Surrendering control. Throwing it all away. Overwhelmed. Out of control. Hostile, blaming, argumentative, insubordinate. Defeated. Out of options. Morbid preoccupation with violence and death.
172
POLICE OFFICER SUICIDE: BEHAVIORAL WARNING SIGNS

Inappropriate display or use of weapon. Overkill weapon carry. Surrender of weapon. Excessive risk-taking. Boundary testing. Boundary violation. Avoidance and absenteeism. Deteriorating job performance, personnel and citizen complaints. Giving up all control. Control taken: legal action.

POLICE SUICIDE INTERVENTION: POTENTIALLY SUICIDAL OFFICER
Natural resources: Friends and/or relatives. Clarify internal state. Identify areas of self-worth, hopelessness, suicidal intent. Reduce sense of isolation: Commiseration and support. Encourage active problem-solving. Discuss realistic alternatives.
POLICE SUICIDE INTERVENTION: ACTIVELY SUICIDAL OFFICER

Define
the problem. Ensure safety. Provide support. Examine alternatives. Practical resources. Coping mechanisms. Make a plan. Get a commitment.
POLICE OFFICER SUICIDE: PREVENTION

Screening
Healthy
and selection.
law enforcement organization. Wellness & mental health resources.

Psychological
HOSTAGE-TAKING BY COP: OFFICER PROFILE

Older officer (late 20s mid 40s). Over 5 years service. Family or relationship problems. Just experienced, or on the verge of, divorce or separation. Often known to fellow police who have responded to domestic calls at his residence.
HOSTAGE-TAKING BY COP: OFFICER PROFILE
Generally known as good officer, but recent work problems reflect effects of stresses in personal life. Very invested in police work and very threatened by loss of career. Increased alcohol use, esp. w/violence. Increased violence at home or on the job; increased citizen complaints. Cumulative life stressors. Cant see any way out.
HOSTAGE-TAKING BY COP: EFFECTS ON OTHER OFFICERS

HTBC especially stressful for fellow officers. Identification factor. Compromise tactical response. Police department family. Media circus. Anger at putting their lives on the line. Officer should know better. Officer knows the hostage routine. Officer can never again be trusted. HT officer loses faces: no way out. HT officers family: shame, ostracism, and media harassment. Effectiveness of negotiation techniques.
179
EFFECTS OF HOSTAGE CRISES ON OFFICERS

Good vs. bad outcome. Elation. Exhaustion. Depression. Discouragement. Adrenalin junkie.
180
CRITICAL INCIDENT FOLLOW-UP PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Critical Incident (CI) = Any event that has a psychologically destabilizing effect. Presumption of fitness for duty prior to the CI. Expectation of normal on-scene and subsequent perceptual, cognitive, emotional and behavioral disturbances. Expectation of natural recovery and return to previous duty. In some cases, the officer may be referred for psychological follow-up as necessary.
REFERRAL FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES
Mandatory vs. voluntary referral.

Confidentiality vs. privilege. Documentation and reporting. Clarification of goals and agendas. Clarification of roles and responsibilities. Minimum depth & intensity of intervention. Relationship to fitness for duty.
182
LAW ENFORCEMENT EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Innate talent vs. learned skills.
Role of police academies.

Role of FTOs, supervisors, and mentors. Tangible vs. intangible lessons. Communication skills. Crisis management skills.
Conflict management skills.

Stress management skills.
PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT
Administrative model for ethical leadership. Clear standards and practices. Effective selection and hiring criteria. Proper training and enculturation. Individualized coaching and counseling. Appropriate referral for psychological services. Proper use of psychological FFDEs. Fair discipline and termination policies. Development, maintenance, and exemplification of a Culture of Honor.
ARE WE DONE YET?
185

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Dr.

Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation

Dr. Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation

Dr. Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation

PRINCIPLES OF CRISIS INTERVENTION

20/20 Hindsight = 20/20 Insight = 20/20 Foresight!

BASIC CRISIS INTERVENTION MODEL

Short- and long-term plans.

IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT

Dr. Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation 8

BASIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION PROCESSES

HISTORY OF HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION

HISTORY OF HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION

Dr. Harvey Schlossberg, NYPD (1979):

Contain & negotiate.

put time on your side.

HOSTAGE CRISES: FACTS & STATS

HOSTAGE CRISES: FACTS & STATS

Anger + Depression + Paranoia = DANGER!

HOSTAGE CRISES: FACTS & STATS

Dr. Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation

TYPES OF HOSTAGE CRISES

Planned operational hostage scenario.

Planned ideological hostage scenario.

TYPES OF HOSTAGE CRISES

Escalating domestic crisis.

Escalating routine police encounter.

Mentally disordered hostage taker.

delusional system. Hostage scenario is really suicide or suicide-bycop.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL HOSTAGE NEGOTIATORS

CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL HOSTAGE NEGOTIATORS

Dr. Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation

CRISIS RESPONSE TEAM STRUCTURE

CRISIS RESPONSE TEAM: ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGIST

Team development and training.

CRISIS RESPONSE TEAM: ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGIST

HOSTAGE CRISES: HIGHRISK CONTEXTUAL FACTORS

HOSTAGE CRISES: HIGHRISK SITUATIONAL FACTORS

Dr. Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation

CRISIS RESPONSE: BASIC PROTOCOL

Traffic. Medical response. Media. Community.

HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: FIRST RESPONDER ACTIONS

HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: GENERAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: GENERAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: VERBAL COMMUNICATION TACTICS

Dr. Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation 30

HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION: VERBAL COMMUNICATION TACTICS

Reinforce appropriate behavior.

Arguments. Power plays. Moralizing. Diagnosing.

ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS

ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS

Dr. Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation 33

ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: EMOTION LABELING

Dont rush to problem-solve.

ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: EMOTION LABELING

ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: PARAPHRASING

ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: PARAPHRASING

Dr. Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation

ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: REFLECTING/MIRRORING

advantage of. Negotiator: Youre pissed off?

Dr. Laurence Miller: Practical Psychology of Hostage & Crisis Negotiation

ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS: MINIMAL ENCOURAGERS

Oh? I see. Yeah. Uh-huh. When? Really? You do?