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For example : powdered zinc will react faster with acid than granulated zinc Powdered zinc has larger total surface area compared to granulated zinc. Thus its rate of reaction is higher
10 cm
10 cm 10 cm
1 cm 1 cm
10 cm x 10 cm x 6 x 1 cube = 600 cm2 1 cm x 1 cm x 6 x 1000 cubes = 6000 cm2
II I
Time/min
the rate of reaction is different the total volume of gas released is the same because the concentration and volume of HCl is the same
For example when Sodium thiosulphate reacts with sulphuric acid, it produce sodium sulphate, sulphur, sulphur dioxide and water
The higher the concentration of solution used, the shorter the time taken for the reaction to complete It also can be plotted as..
Concentration of Na2S2O3 / mol dm-3
Time / min
1/ time ( min-1)
The rate of reaction is inversely proportional to time taken rate of reaction 1 time From the graph it can conclude concentration of 1 Na2S2O3 time
Rate of reaction concentration of Na2S2O3
The graph of temperature of Na2S2O3 against time shows as the temperature increases, the time taken for a reaction is shorter.
Temperature / oC
Time / s
From the graph of temperature of Na2S2O3 against 1/time , it shows that Temperature 1 time Thus the rate of reaction ( 1/time) is higher When the temperature of sodium thiosulphate increases, the rate of reaction become higher
Temperature / oC
1 / time / s-1
In the presence of catalyst , a collision needs lesser energy to react successfully. As more collisions become successful, the reaction will be faster Special characteristic of a catalyst 1. Only a small amount of catalyst is needed to achieve a big change in the rate. Increasing the amount of catalyst used generally will increase the rate of reaction 2. Catalyst alter the rate of reaction but the amount of product formed remain unchanged with or without the catalyst
3. Catalyst is specific in its action. It can only catalyst a particular reaction but not other example
Iron powder in Haber process Vanadium (V) oxide in contact process Manganese (IV) oxide in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
4. Most catalyst are transition element or compound such as iron, copper(II) sulphate 5. Catalyst remain unchanged during the reaction.
6. The mass and chemical composition of the catalyst remain the same before and after the reaction 7. Catalyst may undergo physical changes eg from crystal to powder 8. Powdered catalyst is more effective than lump catalyst
2H2O2 2H2O + O2 Catalyst : Manganese dioxide powder Rate of reaction I (with a small amount of catalyst) is lower than the Rate of reaction II (with a larger amount of catalyst)
II
Time (s)
Activation energy
The minimum energy that the reactant must possess at time of collision for a reaction to take place
Energy
product