Escolar Documentos
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Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
graziani@cabrillo.edu
Feb. 2004
Sources
Addresses
• IS-IS is popular amongst telcos and large ISPs (at least in U.S.).
– A Tier 1 carrier is a telco or ISP that is at the top of the
telecommunications peering and settlements food chain.
– Tier 1 operators typically have operations in more than one country
– Tier 1 operators own and operate their own physical networks, and
either own or part-own their international submarine cable links.
Protocol
Routers
Areas
OSI: Two Network Services,
Two Network Protocols
ISH ESH
ES-IS
• Analogous to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) in IP
• Not technically a routing protocol
• Sometimes referred to as Level 0 routing.
• ESs (hosts) discover nearest IS (router) by listening to IS Hello (ISH) packets
• ISs (routers) know which hosts are on their subnetwork by listening to ES Hello
(ESH) packets.
• Not applicable for IP networks
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 17
OSI Routing Protocols: ES-IS and IS-IS
Boundary areas in
IS-IS exists on a link
between routers and
not on a router itself
as in OSPF.
These routers should
be entirely in Area 1
and Area 2.
IS-IS
• OSI distinguishes between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 routing.
• Level 1 Routing
– If DA is an ES on another subnetwork in the same area, the IS knows the
correct route and forwards packet appropriately.
• Level 2 Routing
– If DA is an ES on another area, the Level 1 IS sends the packet to the
nearest Level 2 IS.
• Level 3 Routing is between separate domains.
– Pure CLNS environment IDRP or ISO-IGRP can be used, in IP, BGP is
used.
Rick Graziani (Not applicable to CCNP)
graziani@cabrillo.edu 18
IS-IS Areas
IS-IS Routers:
• Level 1 IS (L1 IS, router)
– Analogous to OSPF Internal non-backbone router (Totally Stubby)
– Responsible for routing to ESs inside an area.
• Level 2 IS (L2 IS, router)
– Analogous to OSPF Internal Backbone router
– Responsible for routing between areas
• Level 1 and Level 2 IS (L1-L2 IS, router)
– Analogous to OSPF ABR router
– Participate in both L1 intra-area routing and L2 inter-area routing.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 19
Level 1 Router
• IS-IS does not share the concept of a backbone area 0 with OSPF.
• An IS-IS backbone can appear as a set of distinct areas
interconnected by a chain of Level 2 routers, weaving their way
through and between the Level 1 Areas.
• The IS-IS backbone (path) consists of a contiguous set of Level 1-2
and Level 2 routers.
• Where is the backbone (path)?
NSAP
Other Examples
SanJose2
SanJose3
interface FastEthernet0/0
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 172.16.0.2 255.255.255.0
ip address 172.16.0.3 255.255.255.0
ip router isis
ip router isis
router isis
router isis
net 49.0001.2222.2222.2222.00
net 49.0001.3333.3333.3333.00
Area . System ID . NSEL
Point-to-Point
DIS
DIS
• Election of DIS:
– Router with highest priority (Cisco default is 64)
– Router with highest MAC address
• No “BDR”
• No way to make a router ineligible from being DIS (no OSPF priority 0)
• New router (IS) can cause a new election, unlike OSPF
• Used as circuit ID for all routers on LAN.
• Periodically broadcasts CSNPs (OSPF DBD) every 10 seconds
• Each router on the LAN simulates an interface on the pseudonode.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 40
Adjacencies
LAN
Adjacencies
• The adjacencies also determine what type of routes the IS (router) will
have in its routing table.
– L1 – Intra-area routes (routes only within that area)
– L2 – Inter-area routes (routes from other areas)
– Or both
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 43
Adjacencies
SanJose2
SanJose3
interface FastEthernet0/0
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 172.16.0.2 255.255.255.0
ip address 172.16.0.3 255.255.255.0
ip router isis
ip router isis
router isis
router isis
net 49.0001.2222.2222.2222.00
net 49.0001.3333.3333.3333.00
Area . System ID . NSEL
LSP (LSA)
LSP (LSA) LSP (LSA)
X
PSNP (LSAck) PSNP (LSAck) PSNP
(LSAck)
• Point-to-Point networks:
– Once an LSP is sent, router sets a timer
(minimumLSPTransmissionInterval) of 5 seconds
– If PSNP not received, resends LSP.
• On Broadcast networks:
– LSPs are not acknowledged by each receiving router.
– DIS periodically multicasts a CSNP (OSPF DBD) that describes
every LSP in LSDB.
• Default is every10 seconds
– L1 CSNPs are multicast to AllL1ISs
– L2 CSNPs are multicast to AllL2ISs
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 49
Decision Process
• Once the update process has built the LSDB, the Decision Process
uses the LSDB to calculate the SPF.
• Separate SPF for L1 routes and L2 routes.
• Four types of metrics:
1. Default – Cisco only supports this metric.
2. Delay
3. Expense
4. Error
• Each metric expressed as an integer between 0 and 63.
• Separate route is calculated for each metric.
• SPF must be run for each metric, for both L1 and L2 routes.
• Because of these and other reasons, Cisco only supports the Default.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 50
Metric
• Cisco assigns a default metric of 10 to every interface regardless of
interface type.
• Left to the default, IS-IS metric becomes a simple measure of hop
count.
• Interface command isis metric changes the default value.
• The total cost of any route is a sum of the individual metrics of the
outgoing interfaces.
• This is known as the narrow metric, which uses 6 bits for the interface
metric and 10 bits for the total path metric.
• The maximum interface metric value is 63.
• The maximum total path metric value is 1023.
• Extended Metric
– Cisco IOS software addresses this issue with the support of a 24-
bit metric field for the interface and a 32 bit metric for the total path,
called the wide metric.
– Using the new metric style, link metrics now have a maximum value
of 16777215 (224 - 1) with a total path metric of 4261412864 (232 -
225).
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 51
Metrics
Odds and Ends
• Cisco’s IS-IS implementation will perform equal cost load balancing up
to six paths.
• Supports VLSM
• L1 routers calculate path to the nearest L2 router for inter-area
routing (OSPF: Totally Stubby Area)
– When an L2 or L1L2 router is attached to another area, the router
will advertise this fact
– The Decision Process in L1 routers will choose the metrically
closest L1L2 router as the default router.
– An L1 0.0.0.0/0 route will be entered into the routing table.
• IS-IS command - summary-address network mask is used to
configured summarization (Level 1, Level 2 or both).
– See summary-address command for more details.
• Level 2 routers are expected to know about all routes.
– ISIS command: default-information originate is used to
advertise a default route into the backbone path.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 52
Odds and Ends
• L1L2 routers run two IS-IS processes, one for its L1 LSDB and another
for its L2 LSDB.
• Once an packet is accepted by a router the System ID and NSEL are
stripped.
L1 L2
SanJose2#show isis database
SanJose1#show ip route
Gateway of last resort is not set
SanJose2#show ip route
Phoenix#show ip route
Sub-optimal Routing
Sub-optimal Routing
• Receiving an LSP
– If the LSP is already present in the database (LSDB), the router
(IS) acknowledges (PSNP) and ignores it.
• The router sends the duplicated LSP it its neighbors.
• Level 1 LSPs are flooded throughout the area
• Level 2 LSPs are sent across all L2 adjacencies.
CSNP CSNP
You are
missing LSP 3
LSP 3 PSNP (Ack)
PSNP 3
LSP 3
I am
PSNP (Ack) missing
LSP 3
CSNP
(DBD)
I have a LSP 88
newer version
of LSP 88
LSP 77
(LSA)
CSNP
(DBD)
PSNP
(LSR)
PSNP
(LSAck)
• Receive process
– If the frame is valid, the receive process passes user data and error
reports to the forwarding process.
– Whereas routing information: Hellos, LSPs, and SNPs are sent to
the update process.
– Receive process is primarily concerned with CLNS routing and not
IP.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 79
Route Summarization
• Rules for IS-IS route summarization similar to that of OSPF
• Level 1-2 routers (L1L2)
– Similar to OSPF ABR
– Configured at the L1L2 router at the edge of an area.
– L1L2 routers can summarize the routes within their area to L1L2 or
L2 routers in another area.
– This is an efficient method of establishing prefix (network
addresses) routing into other areas.
• If one edge L1L2 router in an area is summarizing routes for that area,
other edge L1L2 routers in that area must also be summarizing routes.
– If other L1L2 routers are summarizing and one edge L1L2 router is
not summarizing, all traffic destined for that area will be sent to the
non-summarizing router because of longest match routing.
• Level 1 routes cannot be summarized within the area because it is not
permitted by IS-IS (Level 1 routers cannot summary routes).
• Level 2 routers can summarize at the area boundary.
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
graziani@cabrillo.edu
Feb. 2004