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5.1 - Introduction
Two types of current are readily available, direct current (dc) and sinusoidal alternating current (ac) We will first consider direct current (dc)
Insert Fig 5.1
Introduction
If a wire is an ideal conductor, the potential difference (V) across the resistor will equal the applied voltage of the battery.
V (volts) = E (volts)
Current is limited only by the resistor (R). The higher the resistance, the less the current.
RT R1 R2 R3 R4 ... RN
The more resistors we add in series, the
Series Resistors
When series resistors have the same value,
RT NR
Where N = the number of resistors in the string. The total series resistance is not affected by the order in which the components are connected.
E Is RT
Since E is fixed, the magnitude of the source current will be totally dependent on the magnitude of RT .
Series Circuits
The polarity of the voltage across a resistor is determined by the direction of the current.
V1 IR1
V2 IR2
V3 IR3
When measuring voltage, start with a scale that will ensure that the reading is lower than the maximum value of the scale. Then work your way down until a reading with the highest level of precision is made.
Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of the potential rises and drops around a closed loop (or path) is zero.
rises
Vdrops
The sum of the rises around a closed loop must equal the sum of the drops.
The application of Kirchhoffs voltage law need not follow a path that includes current-carrying elements. When applying Kirchhoffs voltage law, be sure to
concentrate on the polarities of the voltage rise or drop rather than on the type of element. Do not treat a voltage drop across a resistive element differently from a voltage drop across a source.
E VX R X RT
voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the value of the resistor times the total impressed voltage across the series elements divided by the total resistance of the series elements. The rule can be extended to voltage across two or more series elements if the resistance includes total resistance of the series elements that the voltage is to be found across.
5.9 - Notation
Voltage sources and grounds
Ground symbol
Notation
Double-subscript notation
Because voltage is an across variable and exists between
two points, the double-subscript notation defines differences in potential. The double-subscript notation Vab specifies point a as the higher potential. If this is not the case, a negative sign must be associated with the magnitude of Vab . The voltage Vab is the voltage at point (a) with respect to point (b).
Notation
Single-subscript notation The single-subscript notation Va specifies the voltage at point a with respect to ground (zero volts). If the voltage is less than zero volts, a negative sign must be associated with the magnitude of Va .
Notation
General Relationship
If the voltage at points a and b are known with respect to ground, then the voltage Vab can be determined using the following equation:
Vab = Va V b
Rint = VL / IL
5.13 Applications
Holiday lights
Holiday lights are connected in series if one wire enters and leaves the casing. If one of the filaments burns out or is broken, all of the lights go out unless a fuse link is used.
A fuse link is a soft conducting metal with a coating on it that breaks down if the bulb burn out, causing the bulb to be by-passed, thus only one bulb goes out.
Applications
Microwave oven
A series circuit can be very useful in the design of safety equipment. In a microwave, it is very dangerous if the oven door is not closed or sealed properly. Microwaves use a series circuit with magnetic switches on the door to ensure that the door is properly closed. Magnetic switches are switches where the magnet draws a magnetic conducting bar between two conductors to complete the circuit.
Applications
A Series Alarm Circuit