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Introduction to Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Objective:

To impart the basic knowledge of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GDT).

Develop an awareness of GDT concepts and explain how the techniques are used to understand, control, and help reduce variation in the overall (---) process.

Agenda:

1. Think About

Product Requirements Dimensional Management

What is GDT? Why is GDT required? How it is different from conventional drawings, Which Standards are used? Definitions Virtual Condition

2. Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GDT)

Agenda (Continued) :

2. Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GDT)

(Continued) Bonus Tolerance Datum Symbology Datum Referencing Six Degrees of Freedom Datum Shift

3. From GD&T to practical gauges

Product Design :

Product Requirement
Aesthetic ( Fit and Finish) Safety Durability & Operability Requirements (Functional) NVH and Buzz, Squeak, Rattle (Product experience) Cost, (and Cost and Cost >>>) Manufacturing Process Capability Timeline

Constraint

Product Design :

Engineering Changes proposed

-24

-18

-12

-6

0
Launch

6 Timeline

Product Design :

How to achieve the Requirements?

Locating and Attachment as per Functional Requirement (Fit and Finish, Assembly, Safety etc.) Stack Up analysis to optimize tolerances. As tolerances are functional and achieved using Stack Up it eliminates unnecessary tighter tolerances.

Product Design : Dimensional Management Process

Technical Design Review Concept Locating Strategy Tolerance Analysis FnF Requirement (Loop)

Technical Design Review & GDT Signoff Engineering Release Gage Concept & Design Tooling Concept & Design Gage R&R, Part Capability, FnF Inspection etc will continue.

Dimensional Management:

Dimensional Management
1. Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing
Datum (Locating & Attachment Strategy) Tolerances

2. Tolerance Analysis
Worst case analysis Root Sum Square (RSS)

3. Qualification (Gaging)

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing :

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing :

What is Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing?

GDT is the language from Design to Manufacturing and Inspection defining how to qualify the part. It is an international graphic engineering language formed to allow engineers - say exactly what they mean. The concepts, symbols and mathematical structure of GDT is used for describing the manufacturing tolerance zones to express the Design (Functional) Intent of parts or assemblies.

The goal of GDT is to Improve Communication !!

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing :

Important
Engineering language Graphic language Mathematical structure to say exactly what we mean about the Design (Functional) Intent

The goal of GDT is to Improve Communication !!

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing :

Why Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing?

The reason for the importance of this subject is

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing :

- because it saves Money.

Money
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Tolerance

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing :

1. Improves Communication
Reduces subjective interpretation, ambiguity, assumptions and the controversies. Same language for Designer, Manufacturer & Inspector. Tool to express what they mean exactly. Functional philosophy for Tolerancing studies product function in the design stage for Functional Tolerancing. Bonus or extra Manufacturing Tolerance savings in cost. Functional approach provides larger tolerance in Other zones.

2. Better Product Design

3. Increased Production Tolerances

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing :

4. Functional Performance
Properly applied GD&T assures assembly, interchangeability, and functional performance of all mating details. (Parts produced at different locations & assembled somewhere else outsourcing) GDT provides a method of maintaining coordination between functional design features, manufacturing processes & inspection practices (coordinated datum locations).

5. Coordinated Datum Locations / Functional Tolerancing

Maximizing production tolerances without sacrificing Quality and Reliability.

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing Standards :

GDT Standards
ASME, ANSI, JIS, ISO We will refer the ASME Y14.5M - 1994

GDT Definitions :

Definitions

GDT Definitions :

Dimension
A numeric value expressed in appropriate units of measure and used to define the size, location, geometric characteristic, or surface texture of a part or part feature.

Tolerance
The total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary. The tolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits.

GDT Definitions :

Basic Dimension A numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact size, profile, orientation, or location of a feature or datum target. It is the basis from which permissible variations are established (by tolerances). Reference Dimension A dimension, usually without tolerance, used for information purposes only.

GDT Definitions :

Unilateral Tolerance
A tolerance in which variation is permitted in one direction from the specified dimension.

Equal Bilateral Tolerance

A tolerance in which equal variation is permitted in both directions from the specified dimension.
50 +0.25/- 0 25 +/- 0.25

GDT Definitions :

Datum A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of a datum feature - from which the Geometric Characteristics of a part are established. Feature Physical portion of a part, such as a surface, pin, tab, hole, or slot. Datum Feature An actual feature of a part that is used to establish a datum.

GDT Definitions :

Simulated Datum A point, axis, or plane established by inspection equipment, such as the following simulators: a surface plate, a gage surface, or a mandrel (Datum Feature Simulator). Feature of Size, One cylindrical or spherical surface, or set of two opposed elements or opposed parallel surfaces associated with a size dimension.

GDT Definitions :

Part
(Workpiece)

V Block is used to simulate Datum which is Axis of the part

Simulated Datum

Datum Feature Simulator ( V Block)

(Surface on Gage or Fixture Locator)

GDT Definitions :

Maximum Material Condition

The condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of material within the stated limits of size -- for example, minimum hole diameter or maximum shaft diameter.

WHEN THE PART WEIGHS THE MOST!

GDT Definitions :

GDT Definitions :

Least Material Condition

The condition in which a feature of size contains the least amount of material within the stated limits of size -- for example, maximum hole diameter or minimum shaft diameter.

WHEN THE PART WEIGHS THE LEAST!

GDT Definitions :

GDT Definitions :

Regardless of Feature Size

The term used to indicate that a geometric tolerance or datum reference applies at any increment of size of the feature within its size tolerance.

* No longer required to indicate regardless of feature size (See rule #2 ASME Y14.5M-1994).

GDT Definitions :

Regardless of Feature Size

Actual Locating Hole

RFS Pin

Spring

GDT Definitions :

Actual Mating Envelope (a) For an External Feature - A similar perfect feature counterpart of smallest size that can be circumscribed about the feature so that it just contacts the surface at the highest points.

GDT Definitions :

Actual Mating Envelope (b) For an Internal Feature - A similar perfect feature counterpart of largest size that can be inscribed within the feature so that it just contacts the surface at the highest points.

GDT Definitions :

True Geometric Counterpart The theoretically perfect boundary (virtual condition or actual mating envelope) or best-fit (tangent) plane of a specified datum feature.
A

Datum feature simulator True geometric counterpart of datum - feature A (Smallest circumscribed cylinder)

Work piece

Datum axis A (Axis of true geometric counterpart)

Datum feature A

GDT Definitions :

Tolerance Zone The zone which the tolerance value represents.

GDT Definitions :

Tolerance Zone

GDT Virtual Condition :

Virtual Condition A constant boundary generated by the collective effects of a size features specified MMC or LMC material condition and the geometric tolerance for that material condition.

Virtual Condition is the Worst Case envelope of boundary that occurs due to the combination of tolerances.

GDT Virtual Condition :

6 +/- 1

Virtual Condition Tolerance Zone 1

What will be the Dia. of it ? Guess ?!

GDT Virtual Condition :

GDT Virtual Condition :

GDT Virtual Condition :

GDT Virtual Condition :

GDT Virtual Condition :

Shaft

O
Positional tolerance referred @ MMC No Positional tolerance @ MMC

O 12.5

Virtual Condition = MMC

GDT Rules :

Rules

Rule #1
Individual Feature of Size
Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of an individual feature prescribe the extent to which variations in its geometric form as well as size are allowed.
In other words, features of size require:

PERFECT FORM AT (MMC)

GDT Bonus Tolerance :

Bonus Tolerance (Consider effect of MMC)

6 +/- 1

MMC = 6 + 1 = 7 (For Shaft) = MMC + Position Tolerance VC =7+1=8

Part Size

Virtual Condition

Position Tolerance

Bonus Tolerance

Effective

MMC

7 6

1 1

0 1

1 2

LMC

GDT Bonus Tolerance :

Bonus Tolerance (Consider effect of MMC)

6 +/- 1

Axis in Tol. Zone Axis Matching

Virtual Condition 8 Tolerance Zone 1 Outside Tol. Zone

GDT Symbology :

Feature Control Frame

Material Modifier (Tolerance) Datum Reference Frame

1M A B C
Geometric Characteristic Symbol Tolerance Secondary Datum

Diameter Symbol

0.5
Datum Feature Symbol

ABM
Material Modifier (Datum)

GDT Symbology :

How to Read it?

1M A B C
The Feature is at a Circular Position tolerance zone of 1.0 when produced at Maximum Material Condition with respect to Datum A, B, C

GDT Datum :

Datum Referencing

GDT Datum :

Six Degrees of Freedom

Z Axis Rotational Y Axis Linear

X Axis Linear

X Axis Rotational

Y Axis Rotational
Z Axis Linear

GDT Datum :

Six Degrees of Freedom

TERTIARY DATUM PLANE

SECONDARY

DATUM PLANE

90
o 90

90 PRIMARY DATUM PLANE

GDT Datum :

Six Degrees of Freedom 3-2-1

THIRD DATUM PLANE

PART PAR T

Fixed FIRST DATUM PLANE

PART PART

PART PART

SECOND DATUM PLANE

1
Fixed Fixed

GDT Datum :

Datum Reference Frame

Sufficient datum features are chosen to position the part in relation to a set of Three mutually Perpendicular planes, jointly called a datum reference frame. The part is oriented and immobilized relative to the three mutually perpendicular planes i.e. the datum reference frame in a selected order of precedence.

GDT Datum :

1. Functional Datum (Recommended) The actual features which locate and attach a part / assembly to its next part / assembly (on functional basis). 2. Non-Functional Datum Features used to locate a part or assembly to a Gage based on convenience not function.

GDT Datum :

Plane Surface Datum Features

GDT Datum :

Plane Surface Datum Features

GDT Datum :

Cylindrical Datum Features

GDT Datum :

Cylindrical Datum Features

GDT Datum :

Inclined Datum Features

a

GDT Datum :

Inclined Datum Features

9.8 0.1 0M A B

15.8 0.1 0M A BM C

Datum Precedence :

Effect of Datum Precedence and MMC

* See Below

Datum Precedence :

Datum Precedence @ A then B

Datum feature B True geometric counterpart of Datum feature B (Perpendicular to datum Axis A) Datum feature B (Secondary) Datum axis A True geometric counterpart of datum feature A Without Perpendicularity tolerance

Datum Precedence :

Datum Precedence @ B then A

Datum feature A (Secondary) Datum feature B (True geometric counterpart of Datum feature B) Datum feature B (Primary)

Datum axis A
True geometric counterpart of datum feature A (VC Counter part hole

Considering diametrical Tolerance and perpendicularity)

Gage @ RFS :

Taper pin locates the datum irrespective of the feature size

Gage @ MMC :

Datum Shift :

Datum Shift :

When Gaging a Part with a datum FOS referenced at MMC -Gage is of Fixed size (i.e. Virtual Condition) Gage Size (VC) 8
10 1
1 M A

71 1M A BM C

Gage Size (VC) 5

Datum Shift :

10 1 @ Position 1 @ MMC Bonus @ LMC of 11 is 3 i.e. center axis can vary 1.5 Datum Plane

7 1 @ Position 1 @ MMC Bonus @ LMC of 8 is 3 i.e. center plane can vary 1.5

Datum Shift :

Datum B is produced at MMC (9) and centered to Gage Pin (8) . Slot is produced at MMC (6) and centered to Gage feature (5).

Datum Plane

Datum Shift :

Datum B is produced at MMC (9) and centered to Gage Pin (8) . Slot is produced at LMC (8) and centered to Gage feature (5).

Datum Plane

Datum Shift :

Datum B is produced at MMC (9) and centered to Gage Pin (8) . Slot is produced at LMC (8) and offset from Datum plane by 1.5 (i.e. Bonus Tolerance).

1.5

Datum Plane

Datum Shift :

Datum B is produced at LMC (11) and centered to Gage Pin (8) . Slot is produced at LMC (8) and offset from Datum plane by 1.5 (i.e. Bonus Tolerance).

1.5

Datum Plane

Datum Shift :

Datum B is produced at LMC (11) and offset from Datum axis by 1.5 in opposite direction. Slot is produced at LMC (8) and offset from Datum plane by 1.5 (i.e. Bonus Tolerance).
1.5

3.0

Datum Plane
1.5

Datum Shift for Slot is the Bonus tolerance of Hole.

The slot center is offset from hole center (i.e. Datum B) by 3

GDT Datum Sub Datum:

Datum and Sub Datum

Sub Datum is important for Data Correlation (for functions e.g. assembly, Fit and Finish) Tolerance Analysis for the Assembly.

GDT Datum Sub Datum:

Glove Box Datum

GDT Datum Sub Datum:

Sub Datum for Glove Box on IP Substrate

Thank you!

Thank you!

GDT Symbology :

Datum Feature Symbol

AB

Datum Target Symbols

25

25

A1
12

A1
10 X 20

A1

A1

GDT Symbology :

E G F

J
H

GDT Symbology :

As Shown on Drawing

A1

120 A1 25

Means This:
PART

POINT CONTACT

Datum Target Point

GDT Symbology :

As Shown on Drawing

A1

Means This:
120 LINE CONTACT

PART

A1

LOCATING PIN
Datum Target Line

GDT Symbology :

As Shown on Drawing
12
A1

Means This:
15 PARTIAL SURFACE CONTACT

15

PART

DATUM BLOCK

GDT Symbology :

GDT Symbology :

Other Modifiers

Datum Target

Between Symbol
0.5 A B M C M

Diameter Symbol
0M A BM C 0M A B

All-around Symbol Datum Feature Symbol Basic Dimension