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Angela Osei-Gyan
COMS/11/01/3053 Communication Research and Design
What is bias?
Bias is an inclination to think, act, or react in a particular manner based on a viewpoint, ideology, opinion, or understanding.
Media bias refers to the bias of journalists and news producers within mass media.
Can affect selection of which events and stories are reported and how.
1. Bias through placement. 2. Bias by headline. 3. Bias by photos, captions, and camera angles. 4. Bias through the use of names and titles. 5. Bias through statistics and crowd counts. 6. Bias by source control.
Is it at the top of the page? Is it on the front page? Do you have to go to sub-pages to find the information?
2. Bias by headline
The message conveyed about the story by the words chosen for the headline. In this story Anas is assumed to be well-known which may not necessarily be true.
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton calls for Israeli-Palestinian peace talks.
How an individual, group or organization is designated and the labels used to describe them.
Incomplete, inaccurate or selective use of statistics. Words chosen to describe crowd size. An example is inaccurate report on stadium attendance.
This occurs when stories are culled from other organizations without further checks and editing. An example may be taking a story from the Ghana FA website.
omission
Selection and omission can pertain on a wider level, such as regarding topics, headlines, who is quoted, etc. However, it is often commonly done even with a single sentence:
Example:
Qualitative content analysis (from Bernard & Ryan, 2010): a set of methods for systematically coding & analyzing qualitative data (p. 287)
1. Identify the research problem. 2. Develop research questions (RQs) based on theory and/or prior research 3. Sometimes develop research hypotheses (RHs) 4. Contextual information can emerge from comprehensive literature review. 5. Information can also emerge through audience surveys, or interviews with the source(s), looking at historical data, etc. 6. Literature review helps justify inferences made from the intrinsic data analysis.
Unitizing--identifying the units of analysis (or message elements). Five common units: a. Physical--actual kinds of texts, speeches, shows, etc. b. Syntactical--symbols, metaphors, words, etc. c. Referential --what the text is about. d. Propositional--specific positions taken in the text. e. Thematic--specific topics or themes.
Measuring Content
1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
Discussion of Results
Main Conclusions
Thank you!