HTM 404: Hotel and Resort Management

Management Theories Scientific theory

The underlying need is to increase productivity; identify the best way to get the work done According to Frederick Taylor (Father of Scientific Mgt) stated that this theory deals with cutting down on your labour and increasing efficiency Organisations should study tasks, develop precise procedures for them physical enhancement of machines Incentive system to reward people for meeting standards Work load equally distributed among mgt and employees division of labour and specialisation Scientific selection and training of workers Proper remuneration for fast and high quality work CRITIQUE: more load on people; dehumanise people

HTM 404: Hotel and Resort Management

Management Theories Scientific theory
The other side (Frank and Lilian Gilbreth)
Standards should be developed for doing each job Select, train and develop workers instead of allowing them Develop a spirit of cooperation between workers and managers to ensure that work is carried out Divide work between workers and managers in almost equal share with each group taking over the work for which is best fitted

HTM 404: Hotel and Resort Management

Management Theories Classical theory
Max Weber society should show signs of growth Began from informal family structures to formal structures; leading to employees being loyal to individual supervisors instead of organisations In view of this, the concept of bureaucracy was introduced to ensure efficiency Characteristics of bureaucracy: Well defined hierarchy (chain of command) higher positions should have command and control over lower positions Division of labour and specialisation of all responsibilities Rules and regulations standards of operating preocedures (SOPs) that governs all aspect of the organisation Impersonal relationships between mgt and employees should be maintained to solve the problem of favouritism and personal prejudice Competence not who you know should be the basis of all decisions Records maintain complete files, correspondence with suppliers, etc

HTM 404: Hotel and Resort Management

Management Theories Classical theory
The other side (Chester Bernard):
Informal organisations (cliques); exclusive groups of people Cliques give important information and vital communication for the overall achievement of the organisational goals

HTM 404: Hotel and Resort Management

Management Theories Behavioural theory (Douglas McGregor)
Based on research organisations can be run based on the believe of the managers Theory X: People are basically immature, need direction and control People are incapable of taking responsibilities Employees are lazy, dislike work and need a mixture of financial inducement and threat of loss of work Theory Y: People want to fulfil themselves by seeking self-respect, selfdevelopment and self fulfilment at work. Operates on six key assumptions: The average human being does not inherently dislike work. Whether or not the work will be liked or disliked depends on the nature of work and type of mgt in place

HTM 404: Hotel and Resort Management

Management Theories Behavioural theory (Douglas McGregor)
Operates on six key assumptions: Effort at work need not depend on threat of punishment but rather intrinsically generated A workers commitment to success or meeting objectives is the function of the rewards associated with the achievement The average human being learns when given the proper conditions and does not only want to accept responsibility but want responsibility High degrees of imagination, ingenuity and creativity are not restricted to narrow groups but are widely distributed in the population The intellectual potential of the average human being are only partly utilise