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MIS 104: Computing Fundamentals

BBA Department of MIS University of Dhaka

Books
1. Introduction to Computer Peter Norton 2. Computer Fundamentals Dr. M Lutfar Rahman 3. Computer Fundamentals Pradeep K. Sinha

Previous class
>>Organization of computer Input Unit Output Unit Memory unit Control Unit ALU
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Todays Class

Memory Unit

Memory
Memory:
One or more set of chips that stores data or programmed instructions either temporarily or permanently.

Classification of memory:
1. Primary memory 2. Secondary memory

Location of different memories

ALU
INPUT UNIT CONTROL UNIT
MAIN MEMORY OR RESISTERS

OUTPUT UNIT

SECONDARY MEMORY
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Calculations of storage capacity

01 BYTE (B) 01KB 01 MB

08 bit 1024 B 1024.1024 B

01 GB 01 TB

1024.1024.1024 B 1024.1024.1024.1024 B

Memory Terminologies
Memory Address:
Memory locations are identified by numbers
0000 0001 0002 A B 100

FFFD FFFE FFFF

X Y

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Memory Terminologies
Memory Word:
When memory is read or written, a block of bit is read or written instead of a single bit. The block is considered to be a unit of operation/processing A set of bit with which read/write operation is done in a certain storage device is called memory word Example: 08 bits or 01 Byte memory word clearly 01000000 (08 bits) represents 64 and its character is @; here, this digital 08 bits in combine known as a memory word FFFD FFFE FFFF X Y 0000 0001 0002 A B 100

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Memory Terminologies
Destructive:
composed of capacitors, data disappears when read operation is done, needs re-write operation to retain data

Non-destructive:
reverse nature Example: semiconductor, switch, flash memory, pen drive
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Memory Terminologies
Volatile:
Type of memory where data remains only when the power supply is on. Ex-RAM

Non-volatile:
here content remains even the power is turned off Example: hard disk, floppy disk, flash drive etc
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Memory Terminologies: Memory operation

Memory store/write:
The process of storing or writing data at the specific location of the memory Data is stored as bits Ex- CD writing operation

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Memory Terminologies: Memory operation

Memory read:
Also called fetch operation To read stored data or to process that stored data A binary word is selected from a specific address of memory and this is transferred to another device Example: To hear a song from CD or any drive

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Memory Terminologies: Memory access

Random access:
Any location of storage can be accessed at any moment Does not matter whether the desired access location is too close or a far away Consumes almost same amount of time Found in primary and secondary memory

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Memory Terminologies: Memory access

Sequential:
accessing a bit of information in a serial order, one after another Access time depends on the last order/information execution time Example: Off line storage such as playing a song from magnetic tape

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Primary memory
Includes RAM & ROM CPU access directly on this memory Normally volatile in nature

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Primary memory: RAM

Central storage unit Volatile

Temporary in nature
Holds operating systems, application programme, data in current use Other name is (Read/Write) memory
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Different types of RAM

S RAM- Exhibits data remanance but still volatile as data dissolves when turn off D RAM- Data disappears after a certain period automatically if it is not refreshed. This type of RAM needs periodically reread or re-written. Ex- Z-RAM, TT-RAM, A-RAM
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Primary memory: ROM

Proportionally read operation is more than write operation Contains user programmed instructions like Bootstrap loader Non-volatile permanent
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Different types of ROM

ROM

Mask ROM

PROM

EPROM

EEPROM

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Secondary memory
Auxiliary unit Storing capacity is huge Normally non-volatile

Normally two types1. Magnetic 2. Optical

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Secondary memory: Magnetic

Variation of Magnet polarity determines whether the bit will be 0 or 1

Data write process is done by electromagnetic head Ex- hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape
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Secondary memory: Optical

Variation of light reflection determines the nature of bits Data is written with the help of LASER or UV rays Ex-CD-R/RW, DVD-R/RW, BD-R
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Memory address:
It is a number or a set of digital number (bit/Bytes) in the memory This address specially represented by binary numbers
Decimal, Octal, Hex-decimal numbers are also used for addressing
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Virtual memory:
When secondary memory is used as primary memory then this is called virtual Provide assistance to the RAM, by creating space for the great amount of data When RAM finishes its access, virtual memory vanishes

Virtual memory can be selected by user

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Cache memory:
Small memory chip is attached between CPU & main memory Give the assistance to the resisters Speed up the data process Three types of cache memory is found e.g. L1(CPU resident), L2 & L3 (mother board)

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Resisters
They are not the part of main memory but store data and pass as directed by CPU The size of the resisters which is sometimes called the word size,indicates the amount of data with which CPU can work/access. Ex- 32 bits processor means, 04 bytes data processing capability
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Question...???