Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Scientific method The Scientific method: Overall philosophy of approach to the study of nature.
observation
Law Hypotheses Statements of tentative explanation fact of experiments often in equation results form
Note that theory is not fact and it could be wrong but we need to proof it.
SI-Derived Unit
Area = m2 Volume = m3 Speed = m/s Unit conversion Usually we use 1) Factor-label method : units undergo the same kind of mathematical operation as numbers 2) Conversion Factor: a fraction that we use to change the units
Accuracy, Precision and Significant Figure Accuracy how close a measurement is to the true value :
A -TRUE
1000 mL 1.63 L x 1L
1630 mL
e.g. The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is this speed in miles per hour? meters to miles seconds to hours 1 min = 60 s
1 mi = 1609 m
1 hour = 60 min
Sig. Fig.
Sig. Fig. = important numbers important numbers = all the number I am sure about it + one estimated number
1) Nonzero digits always count as S. F. 2) Zeros between nonzero always count as S.F. 3) Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit not count as S.F. 4) Zeros at right end of numbers significant only if there is a decimal point 5) For and , the no. of S. F. in the result = the least no. of S. F. used in the operation 6) For + and -, the no. of decimal places in the result = the least no. of decimal places in the operation 7) If the first digit after the S. F. is < 5, drop the digits that follow the S.F. numbers. 6) If the first digit after the S. F. is 5, drop the digits that follow the S.F. numbers and add 1 to the last digit 7) Exact numbers ( numbers contain no uncertainty) are not considered in the calculating of S. F.
e.g. How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements?
24 mL 3001 g 0.0320 m3 6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures
4 significant figures
3 significant figures 2 significant figures
560 kg
2 significant figures
Multiplication or Division
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5
e.g. The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?
Temperature Scales
TC = TK 273.15
TK = TC+ 273.15
Sa. Ex. 1.12 Liquid nitrogen boil at 77.0 K convert to Fahrenheit. TF= -321 0F
Density
SI derived unit for density is kg/m3 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3 mass density = volume
m d= V
e.g. A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5 g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?
m d= V m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g
Matter, Mixtures and Separation methods A Matter any thing occupies a space and has a mass
gas
Three States
liquid
solid
mixture composition mixture composition composition that can be is constant not constant broken down into elements
by chemical process OR Two or more different atoms bind together by a chemical bond
substance that can not be decompose into simpler form by chemical or physica change
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities.
Physical methods can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components.
A physical change does not alter the composition or identity of a substance. sugar dissolving ice melting in water A chemical change alters the composition or identity of the substance(s) involved.
An extensive property of a material depends upon how much matter is is being considered.
mass
length volume
An intensive property of a material does not depend upon how much matter is is being considered.
density temperature
color