Anesthesia

Dr Abdollahi

Anesthesia
From Greek anaisthesis means not sensation Listed in Baileys English Dictionary 1721. When the effect of ether was discoveredanesthesia used as a name for the new phenomenon.

Basic Principles of Anesthesia

Anesthesia defined as the abolition of sensation Analgesia defined as the abolition of pain Triad of General Anesthesia
need for unconsciousness need for analgesia need for muscle relaxation

History of Anesthesia

History of Anesthesia
Ether

synthesized in 1540 by Cordus Ether used as anesthetic in 1842 by Dr. Crawford W. Long Ether publicized as anesthetic in 1846 by Dr. William Morton Chloroform used as anesthetic in 1853 by Dr. John Snow

History of Anesthesia
Endotracheal

tube discovered in 1878 Local anesthesia with cocaine in 1885 Thiopental first used in 1934 Curare first used in 1942 - opened the Age of Anesthesia

Anesthesiologists care for the surgical patient in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative period . Important patient care decisions reflect the preoperative evaluation, creating the anesthesia plan, preparing the operating room, and managing the intraoperative anesthetic.

Preoperative Evaluation
The goals of preoperative evaluation include assessing the risk of coexisting diseases, modifying risks, addressing patients' concerns, and discussing options for anesthesia care.

What is the indication for the proposed surgery? It is elective or an emergency? The indication for surgery may have particular anesthetic implications. For example, a patient requiring esophageal fundoplication will likely have severe gastroesophageal reflux disease, which may require modification of the anesthesia plan (e.g., preoperative non particulate antacid, intraoperative rapid sequence induction of anesthesia).

What are the inherent risk of this surgery? Surgical procedures have different inherent risks. For example, a patient undergoing coronary artery bypass graft has a significant risk of problems such as death, stroke, or myocardial infarction. A patient undergoing cataract extraction has a low risk of major organ damage.

Does the patient have coexisting medical problems? Does the surgery or anesthesia care plan need to be modified because of them?

Has the patient had anesthesia before? Were there Complication such as difficult airway management? Does the patient have risk factor for difficult airway management?

Creating the Anesthesia Plan

After the preoperative evaluation, the anesthesia plan can be completed. The plan should list drug choices and doses in detail, as well as anticipated problems .Many variations on a given plan may be acceptable, but the trainee and the supervising anesthesiologist should agree in advance on the details.

Preparing the Operating Room

After determining the anesthesia plan, the trainee must prepare the operating room .

Anesthesia Providers
Anesthesiologist (

aphysician with 4 or more yearsof speciality training in anesthesiology after medical school) Certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA), working under the direction and supervision of an anesthesiologist or a physician CRNA must have 2 years of training in anesthesia

Patient Safety

Patient risk and safety are concerns during surgery and anesthesia . Data from a number of studies of death caused by anesthesia indicate a death rate ranging from 1 per 20,00035,000. A fourfoulded decline over the last 30 years even though surgical procedures are undertaken on increasingly sicker and much higher risk patients than in the past. Awareness of potential problems and constant vigilance (the process of paying close and continuous attention) are crucial to good patient care.

Preoperative preparation patient evaluation

Anaesthesiologist:

reviews the patients chart,

evaluate the laboratory data and diagnostic studies such

as electrocardiogram and chest x-ray, verify the surgical procedure, examins the patient, discuss the options for anesthesia and the attendant risks and ordered premedication if appropriate

The physical status classification

Developed by the American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) to provide uniform guidelines for anesthesiologists. It is an evaluation of anesthetic morbidity and mortality related to the extent of systemic diseases, physiological dysfunction, and anatomic abnormalities. Intraoperative difficulties occur more frequently with patients who have a poor physical status classification.

Choice of anesthesia

The patients understanding and wishes regarding the type of anesthesia that could be used The type and duration of the surgical procedure The patientss physiologic status and stability The presence and severity of coexisting disease The patients mental and psychologic status The postoperative recovery from various kinds of anesthesia Options for management of postoperative pain Any particular requiremets of the surgeon There is major and minor surgery but only major anesthesia

Types of anesthesia care

General Anesthesia
Reversible,

unconscious state is characterised by amnesia (sleep, hypnosis or basal narcosis), analgesia (freedom from pain) depression of reflexes, muscle relaxation Put to sleep

Types of anesthesia care

Regional Anesthesia

A local anethetic is injected to block or ansthetize a nerve or nerve fibers Implies a major nerve block administered by an anesthesiologist (such as spinal, epidural, caudal, or major peripheral block)

Types of anesthesia care

monitered anesthesia care
Infiltration of

the surgical site with a local anesthesia is performed by the surgeon The anasthesiologist may supplement the local anesthesia with intravenous drugs that provide systemic analgesia and sedation and depress the response of the patients autonomic nervous system

Types of anesthesia care

local anesthesia
Employed

for minor procedures in which the surgical site is infiltrated with a local anesthetic such as lidocaine or bupivacaine A perioperative nurse usually monitors the patients vital signs May inject intravenous sedatives or analgesic drugs

Premedication

Purpose: to sedate the patient and reduce anxiety Classified as sedatives and hypnotics, tranquilizers, analgesic or narcotics and anticholinergics Antiacid or an H2receptor-blockingdrug such as cimitidine (tagamet) or ranitidine (Zantac) to decrease gastric acid production and make the gastric contents less acidic If aspiration occur this premedication decreases the resultant pulmonary damage Given 60-90 minutes before surgery, or may be given i.v. After the pat. arrives in the surgical suite NPO for a minimum of 6 hours before elective surgery Not given to elderly people or ambulatory patients because residual effects of the drugs are present long after the pat. have been discharged and gone home

Perioperative monitoring
Undergeneral anesthesia: monitoring Inspired oxygen analyzer(FiO2) which calibrated to room air and 100% oxygen on a daily basis Low pressure disconnect alarm, which senses pressure in the expiratory limb of the patient circuit Inspiratory pressure Respirometer (these four devices are an integral part of most modern anesthesia machine ECG BP-automated unit Heart rate Precordial or esophagel stethoscope Temp

Perioperative monitoring

Pulse oximeters End tidal carbon dioxide (ECO2) Peripheral nerve stimulator if muscle relaxants are used Foly catheter For selected patint with a potential risk of venous air embolism a doppler probe may placed over the right atrium Invasive: arterial pressure mesurements, central venous pressure Pulmonary artery catheter and continous mixed venous oxygen saturation measured

Perioperative monitoring
For

special conditions other monitors as transesophageal echocardiography Electroencephalogram Cereral or neurological may be used

Inhalational Anesthetic Agents

Inhalational

anesthesia refers to the delivery of gases or vapors from the respiratory system to produce anesthesia Pharmacokinetics--uptake, distribution, and elimination from the body Pharmacodyamics-- MAC value

Regional Anesthesia
Defined

as a reversible loss of sensation in a specific area of the body

Spinal anesthesia

Epidural anesthesia
IV Regional Blocks Peripheral Nerve Blocks

Spinal Anesthesia
A

local anesthetic agent (lidocaine, tetracaine or bupivacaine) is injected into the subarachnoid space
Spinal anesthesia is also known as a

subarachnoid block
Blocks

sensory and motor nerves, producing loss of sensation and temporary paralysis

Possible Complications of Spinal Anesthesia

Hypotension
Post-dural puncture headache (Spinal headache) caused by leakage of spinal fluid through the puncture hole in the duracan be treated by blood patch High Spinal- can cause temporary paralysis of respiratory muscles. Patient will need ventilator support until block wears off

Epidural Anesthesia
Local

anesthetic agent is injected through an intervertebral space into the epidural space.
be administered as a one-time dose, or as a continuous epidural, with a catheter inserted into the epidural space to administer anesthetic drug

May

Dr. Aidah Abu Elsoud Alkaissi Division of Intensive Care and Anaesthesiology University of

Complications of Epidural Anesthesia

Hypotension
Inadvertent dural

puncture Inadvertent injection of anesthetic into the subarachnoid space

IV Regional Blocks
Also

known as a Bier Block Used on surgery of the upper extremities Patient must have an IV inserted in the operative extremity

IV Regional Block
After

a pneumatic tourniquet is applied to extremity, Lidocaine is injected through the IV.

lasts until the tourniquet is deflated at the end of the case.

Anesthesia

IV Regional Blocks
IMPORTANT-

to prevent an overdose of lidocaine it is important not to deflate the tourniquet quickly at the end of the procedure.

Peripheral Nerve Blocks

Injection

of local anesthetic around a peripheral nerve be used for anesthesia during surgery or for post-op pain relief ankle block for foot surgery, supraclavicular block for post-op pain control after shoulder surgery

Can

Examples:

Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC)

Generally

used for short, minor procedures done under local anesthesia Anesthesia provider monitors the patient and may provide supplemental IV sedation if indicated

Conscious Sedation

Used for short, minor procedures

Used in the OR and outlying areas (ER, GI Lab, etc) Patient is monitored by a nurse and receives sedation sufficient to cause a depressed level of consciousness, but not enough to interfere with patients ability to maintain their airway

Inhalation Anesthetics
Nitrous

Oxide- can cause expansion of other gases- use of N20 contraindicated in patients who have had medical gas instilled in their eye(s) during retinal detachment repair surgery

Inhalation Anesthetics

Cause cerebrovascular dilation and increased cerebral blood flow

Cause systemic vasodilation and decreased blood pressure Post-op N&V All inhalation anesthetics, except N20, can trigger malignant hyperthermia in susceptible patients

Intravenous Induction/Maintenance Agents

Propofol (Diprivan)- pain/burning on

injection,

can cause bizarre dreams

Pentothal

(Sodium Thiopental)- can cause laryngospasm

General Anesthesia

During induction the room should be as quiet as possible

The circulator should be available to assist anesthesia provider during induction & emergence Never move/reposition an intubated patient without coordinating the move with anesthesia first

General Anesthesia

Laryngospasm may happen in a patient having a procedure with general anesthesia

When laryngospasm occurs, it is usually during intubation or emergency Assist anesthesia provider as needed- call for anesthesia back-up if necessary

Difficult Airway Cart

Anesthesia

maintains a Difficult Airway Cart containing equipment & supplies for difficult intubations
cart is stored in one of the anesthesia supply rooms anesthesia tech if the cart is needed for your room

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Cricoid Pressure or Sellick Maneuver

Used

for patients at risk for aspiration during induction, due to a full stomach or other factors such as a history of reflux
on the cricoid cartilage compresses the esophagus against the cervical vertebrae and prevents reflux

Pressure

Sellick Maneuver

Cricoid pressure is maintained, as directed by anesthesia provider, until the ETT cuff is inflated:

Regional Anesthesia
Circulator

may need to assist anesthesia provider with positioning for spinal or epidural anesthesia.
usually is positioned laterally for placement of regional anesthesia, but may be positioned sitting upright.

Patient

The Awake Patient

Patients

undergoing surgery with regional or local anesthesia, even if sedated, may be aware of conversation and activity in room
sign on door to OR, Patient is Awake so that staff entering room will be aware that patient is conscious

Post

When Patient is Awake

Limit

any discussion of patients medical condition and prognosis

discussion of other patients & limit unnecessary conversation-- a sedated patient can easily misinterpret conversation they overhear

Avoid