CHAPTER SIX:

APPLICATIONS OF THE
INTEGRAL
Released by Krsna Dhenu
February 03, 2002
Edited on October 7, 2003
Hare Krsna Hare Krsna Krsna Krsna Hare Hare
Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare
Jaya Sri Sri Radha Vijnanasevara (Lord Krsna, the King of Math and
Science)
KRSNA CALCULUS PRESENTS:
HARI BOL! WELCOME BACK!
J aya Srila Prabhupada! J aya Sri Sri Gaura Nitai! J aya Sri Sri Radha
Vijnanesvara!
I hope you are spiritually and materially healthy. This chapter is where we start to
depart the AB calculus students and College Calculus I.
If you take AB Calculus or Calculus I, then I urge you to please check out my very
very final slide show. Thank you and much love.
If you are a BC student, however, this is your middle point of the course. For
Calculus II students, welcome to Krsna Calculus . I will enjoy having you as my
students.
Calculus II entrants: please check out chapter 4 and 5 extensively.
Everyone: This chapter deals highly with other fancy things you could do with the
integral. First, finding general area, and techniques will be discussed. Then the big
part of the chapter on volume of a solid of revolution. This may seem hard, but it is
really not.
Other applications include arc length AND surface area.
When we start talking about cylindrical shells, AB and Calculus I students are
completed with this course and are urge to go and take a review slide show for
them.
AREA
In chapter 4, we introduced integration in
terms of area between the curve and the x-axis.
This chapter, we will discuss area between two
curves and methods.
Also, we will talk about integral and derivative
properties in terms of their graphs.
AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
The area between two curves is really simple if you really look
at it. Lets consider f(x)=6-x
2
. Also consider g(x)=x.
Find the area between these two curves.
Here is a graphical view of the scenario. (Magenta region)
ALWAYS DRAW A PICTURE TO SEE HOW THE
REGION WILL LOOK LIKE!!!!!!!

STEP 1: FIND THE POINTS OF
INTERSECTION
In order to see where the
region begins and
ends, we must find the
x limits to see where we
can actually compute
area.
Solve for the x limits


The two limits of
integration are x=2 and
x=-3
( )( )
3
2
3 2 0
6 0
6
2
2
=
=
+ =
+ =
=
x
x
x x
x x
x x
STEP 2
Compute the area of both functions.
Subtract the areas.
| |
6
125
2
5
3
55
2
5
2
9
2
2
1
3
55
9
3
28
3
1
6 6
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
=
|
.
|

\
|

= = =
= + =
(

}
}
x xdx
x x dx x
THIS IS OUR AREA BETWEEN THE TWO CURVES
GEOMETRICALLY
This is a shaded region style problem. Let the maroon be the region
between the parabola and the x axis. with the limits of -3 and 2. Let the
light blue be the region between the line and the x axis with the same
limits. Let the purple represent overlapping regions.
We must subtract the two areas of the regions (that is Af(x)-Ag(x)) to get
rid of the overlapping areas (i.e. purple region).
FORMULA FOR FINDING AREA
BETWEEN TWO CURVES
If f(x)>g(x), then
| |
}
=
b
a
dx x g x f A ) ( ) (
Top Function
Bottom Function
| |
}
=
b
a
bottom top
dx y y A
If f(x)>g(x) top vs. bottom
function???
Very simple..

Since the
parabola, f(x), is
on top of the
line, g(x),
therefore,
f(x)>g(x).
TOP
BOTTOM
AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
We just tackled one of the three types of area
between curves problems. They are
1) Area between two y(x) functions. (We just
did)
2) Area between a y(x) and x(y)
3) Area between two x(y) functions.
AREA BY SUBDIVIDING
Sometimes, it is necessary to split the region
up into two parts before integrating. This
situation often occurs when you have y as a
function of x and x as a function of y.
Consider this example: Find the region
bounded by y=x and x=-y
2
+8.
First thing you do is to draw a picture to see
how the region will look like. Then solve for
their intersecting points.
DRAW A PICTURE!!!
It helps to draw a picture to get an understanding on
what is going on. The red line is y=x and the blue
parabola is x=-y
2
+8.
THE INTERSECTING POINTS
ARE (-8,-4) and (4,2)
( )
( )( )
2
4
4
8
0 4 8
0 32 4
4 32
8 4
4
1
4
8
8
4
1

2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
=
=
=
=
= +
= +
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
= =
y
x
y
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x y
y x
x y x y
INTEGRATING
It is very important to
let all the functions be
in the form y(x).
Therefore, solve for y.
Using the formula given
previously for finding
the area between curves,
apply that formula using
-8 and 4 as your limits.
( )
3
76
3
80
3
4
8
3
2
4
1
8
2
1
8
2
1
4
8
2 / 3
2
4
8
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

+

=
=

}
x x
dx x x
x y
x y
WHAT AREA DID WE JUST
DO???
Notice how much area we did accumulate using the integral.
Also consider how much area we have left to take into
account.
The purple is the area we jus did. (76/3) The green is the area
we have left to do.
THE GREEN AREA
Since we know that the area of the green is the
area of that sideways parabola, and since we
also know that the area above the x-axis from
[4,8] equal to the area below the x-axis. So in
effect, we can double the area of that to take
into account the top and the bottom of the x-
axis.
CALCULATION OF AREA
Notice the 2 outside the
integral. We have to
double the area.

Fundamental theorem.

Add the two areas.
THE TOTAL AREA
OF THE REGION IS
36!!
( )
36
3
32
3
76
3
32
0 8
3
4
8 2
8
4
2 / 3
8
4
= +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(

}
x
dx x
INTEGRATING A FUNCTION
WITH RESPECT TO Y.
At times, we may have to curves that there is
no top or bottom y, rather there are left
and right curves. By definition, these curves
would not be functions of x, since they would
fail to honor the vertical line test (the test that
determines if a relation is actually a function).
But these functions, on the hand, seem simpler
if they were in terms of y.
INTEGRATING WITH RESPECT
TO Y.
To calculate an area, using the right being x=f(y) and
the left one being x=g(y) function, between limits of
y (c and d)then
| |
}
=
d
c
dy y g y f A ) ( ) (
| |
}
=
d
c
left right
dy x x A
OR
EXAMPLE
Lets do the previous problem using this method of integrating with respect
to y.
The graphs are y=x and x=-y
2
+8.
First, always always always!! Look at a picture of this! This will help you!
The red is the line. The blue is the parabola. The purple is the region.
LEFT
RIGHT
SOLVE FOR INTERSECTING
POINTS
( )
( )( )
2
4
4
8
0 4 8
0 32 4
4 32
8 4
4
1
4
8
8
4
1

2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
=
=
=
=
= +
= +
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
= =
y
x
y
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x y
y x
x y x y
SAME SLIDE AS BEFORE,
HOWEVER, CONSIDER THAT
THE Y VALUES ARE NOW
MORE RELEVANT, SINCE WE
ARE INTEGRATING WITH
RESPECT TO Y!!!!

THIS MEANS THE INTEGRAL
WILL HAVE THE LIMITS
BETWEEN y=-4 AND y=2!!!
SETTING UP THE INTEGRAL
First solve everything for x before putting the f(y)
and g(y) inside. You will get x=2y AND x=8-y
2
.
| |
( )
36
3
108
3
80
3
28
8
3
1
8 2
2 8
) ( ) (
2
4
2 3
2
4
2
2
4
2
= =
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
(

+
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
=
=

}
}
}
y y y
dy y y A
ydy y A
dy y g y f A
d
c
Simpler, eh???
AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
In reality, there is no set formula to finding area
between curves. Its important to know what to do
and how you go about doing it. For example, you
noticed that integrating a function in terms of y was
simpler than taking the region, cutting it, and finding
areas that way.
But sometimes, you will see that integrating with
respect to y can be a hassle. Sometimes, integrating
with x would be better.
But in either case, the general formula stays the same:
top/right bottom/left. (for x and y respectively)
EXAMINING THE INTEGRAL
A calculus course is not only about, Do you know how to
calculate the integral. However, this course also asks you,
Do you know how to find the integral qualitatively?
Consider this graph of g(x). The function f(x) is its derivative.
Therefore f(x) = g(x).

PROPERTIES OF THE GRAPH
Lets talk about limits. Notice at x=1, the limit from the left side is a little more than
5, but from the left side, its 0. Therefore, the limit at x=1 does not exist.
g(x) is not differentiable at some point between -6 and -7 and at -2, since they cause
vertical tangents. Also x=-2 is not differentiable, since it is a corner. x=-1 is also a
corner, thus it is not differentiable either. x=1 is not differentiable, since it is a
discontinuity. Lastly, x=5 cannot be differentiated since it is the end point of the
graph.
g(x) is positive at approximately (-6.5,-4.3), (-1,1), and (2.75,5).
g(x) is negative at (-4.3,-2) and (1,2.75).
g(x) is zero with maxima at x=-4.3 and minima at x=2.75.
f(x) is the area between the curve and the x-axis. Thus, the curve of f(x) is the
antiderivative. Since g(x) is the slope for f(x), this means that f(x) is increasing
slowly, and maintains an equilibrium from x=-2 to x=-1. From x=-1, the the
function increases like a parabola, but due to the discontinuity of g(x), a cusp was
formed so that the slope is negative throughout.
REMEMBER!! THE SIGN OF f(x) OR g(x) IS THE SIGN OF THE SLOPE!!!!
RED = f(x) BLACK = g(x)
INTEGRAL MEANS AREA
ACCUMULATION
Look at the left graph f(x)=1/x and the right graph g(x)=ln x.
Obviously, g(x)=f(x). Notice how the 1/x decreases very
quickly, but nevertheless, adds more area. Although not at a
fast RATE, but it still ACCUMULATES area!
VOLUME OF A SOLID OF
REVOLUTION
FOR AP CALCULUS AB STUDENTS THIS IS
YOUR FINAL TOPIC
FOR CALCULUS I: YOU ARE COMPLETED FOR
THE COURSE. YOU ARE WELCOMED TO
STAY, BUT YOU CAN LEAVE IF YOU WISH.
TAKE CARE! BEST WISHES! HARE KRSNA!
FOR CALCULUS II STUDENTS: HARI BOL!
WELCOME! THIS IS YOUR FIRST TOPIC FOR
THIS CLASS!!!!
VOLUME
Volume and 2-D calculus?? Possible?
Yeah, I guess.
Imagine if you were to take a region between
f(x), the limits of integration, and the x-axis,
and you were to swing that region about the x-
axis.
Take your hand and try that. Put your hand on
the region, and turn your hand such that you
rotate about the x-axis.
SEE THE BEFORE AND AFTER
PICTURES!!!
CLARIFICATION
What we did was we took the region under the
line from x=0 to x=7 and rotated that region
360 about the x-axis.
You will notice that a solid is formed. That
solid looks like a cone in this example.
My computer does not really have great 3-d
effects so please forgive my drawings.
How do we find the volume of this cone using
calculus?
TORICELLIS LAW
An Italian mathematician suggested that you can find the
volume by take adding the areas of the cross sections.
He also proved that the volume for two geometric objects,
despite slant, would still be equal. Take a look at these two
cylinders. Although it looks very obscure on the right, it will
still have the same volume as the cylinder on the left.
THEREFORE:
If A(x) is the cross section for such a volume, and you
could get a Reimann sum saying that the width of the
solid multiplied by the area of the cross section

=
A =
n
i
x x A x V
1
) ( ) (
IF THE WIDTH
If the width was infinitesimally small as dx, then the
area would represented as an integral.
}
=
b
a
dx x A x V ) ( ) (
CUTTING UP THE SOLID
Imagine if we were to cut up the solid to infinity
slices! That would that the thickness of the slice
would be virtually 0. But lets take out one of these
slices
dx
THE SLICE
The cross section of such volume is a circle.
The radius of the circle would merely be f(x)
value, since the center of the circle is the x-
axis. Look at the 2-D and the 3-D illustration.
r=f(x)
x axis
The radius of the cirlce
is f(x).
AREA OF A CIRCLE?
Lets say that the line was the function
f(x)= x
Remember that the integral of the area of the cross
sections from a to b is the volume? Also remember
that f(x) is the radius?
If the circle is the cross-section for the solid, then
what is the area of a circle?
Cmon! Dont tell me you are in calculus and dont
know the area of a circle!
A=tr
2
! No! pies are round!
If the radius and the
function are equal, so are
their squares
f(x)=x
Apply the squared radius
into the area of circle
expression
Volume-as-an-integral
expression
Limits of the original
problem were x=0 and x=7.
Evaluation of the integral.
The volume is found
( )
12
243
12

) (
4
) (
) ( ) (
4

4
1
2
1
) (
7
0
3
7
0
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
=
(

=
=
=
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
}
}
x x V
dx
x
x V
dx x A x V
x A
x r
x r
x f r
b
a
RECALL
We took a region under f(x)=x from x=0 to
x=7 and rotated it around the x- axis to form a
solid. We took this solid and cut it up to
infinite slices. We took one of those slices and
examined that the cross-section is a circle
(most commonly called a disk). We found the
area formula for the disk. A=tr
2
. Since r=f(x),
we put it into the formula. The volume formula
says that we take the integral from 0 to 7, for
the [f(x)]
2
. That result yields into the volume.
DISK METHOD FORMULA
If the cross sections are
circles, and if region are is
being rotated around the x-
axis, then the formula for
finding volume is:
If the region between g(y)
and x -axis is being rotated
about the y-axis, with disk
cross section, then the area
formula is this.
Dont forget to put the t in
there.
| |
}
=
b
a
dx x f x V
2
) ( ) (
| |
}
=
d
c
dy y g y V
2
) ( ) (
DISK METHOD
Remember how we had instances that we were
forced to integrate with respect to y?
If that is the case, solve for y, use the y-values
for the limits of integration, and use the same
formula.
WASHER METHOD
Find the volume of the region between y
2
=x,
and y=x
3
, which intersect at (0,0) and (1,1),
revolved about the xaxis.

First, DRAW A PICTURE
PICTURES
THE SOLID
Notice that the solid now has a hole inside it
(very light blue). The edges of this solid
(darker light blue) (is now created by two
functions.
Since we are revolving this solid around the x-
axis, we must solve everything in terms of x.
SHELLS FORMULA
If we solve for x, then we will get x. (square root)
and x
3
.
If you look at the cross section, you will get
something similar but somewhat different from a
disk. In order to take into account, the hole in the
bottom, we have to include a hole inside the disk.
Therefore, the slice will look like this.
f(x) TOP FUNCTION
g(x) BOTTOM FUNCTION
THE AREA OF THE ORANGE
If you wanted to find the area of the orange portion,
then find the area of the entire circle and subtract the
area of the inner cirlce. A typical shaded region
problem! Capital R means outer radius, and lower
case r means inner radius.
( )
2 2
r R A =
VOLUME
Having infinite doughnuts that are very thin, you
can use the integral to find the volume. This is called
WASHERS FORMULA.
( )
}
=
b
a
dx r R x V
2 2
) (
( )
}
=
d
c
dy r R y V
2 2
) (
R and r
If you also consider it, the outer radius is the
top function while the inner radius is the
bottom function, since the bottom function
borders the hole in the center of the
doughnut.
Lets call this doughnut a washer from now
on!!!!
I dont wanna make ya guys hungry yet!
(15 mins. Later) Now Im hungry!!!!
FINDING THE VOLUME
Wahsers formula
DONT FORGET THE
t!

Original limits and top
and bottom functions
are included.
The final volume
evaluated.
( )
( ) ( )
( )
14
5
7
1
2
1

7 2
) (
) (
) (
) (
1
0
7 2
1
0
6
1
0
2
3
2
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

=
=
=
=
}
}
}
x x
x V
dx x x x V
dx x x x V
dx r R x V
b
a
INTEGRATING w/ RESPECT TO Y.
Lets take the previous problem and rotate it
about the y-axis.
That means, we will have R as right function
and r as the left function
Therefore: x=y
2
and x=y

.
ALWAYS DRAW A BEFORE/AFTER
PICTURE!!!
PICTURES
VOLUME rotated about y axis
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

5
2
5
1
5
3

5 5
3
) (
) (
) (
) (
1
0
5
3 / 5
1
0
4 3 / 2
1
0
2
2
2
3 / 1
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

=
=
=
=
}
}
}
x
x y V
dy y y y V
dy y y y V
dy r R y V
d
c
LINE ROTATIONS
Suppose we take the previous example and
rotated it about the following lines
A) x=-1
B) y=-1
Find both volumes.
DRAW A PICTURE
Draw both before/after diagrams for the x=-1
rotation and y=-1 rotation.
Please forgive the cut-offs in my drawings.
PICTURES for rotation about
x=-1
PICTURES for rotation about
y=-1
THE SHIFT!!!
Its not a movie. LOL
Look at the reference line (reference line is the
line you are rotating the region about.)
Actually draw out the radii. For the x=-1
rotation, you will need to add 1 to both
functions to take into account.
General Rule: If rotation around a line x=k,
then f(x)-k is the big radius and g(x)-k is the
small radius.
THE RADII
Therefore, the radii is 1+y
2
and 1+y
1/3
.
Since by this time, you are getting the
fundamental theorem of calculus down pretty
well (or at least you should be), I will stop
showing the plugging in of numbers. I will
show the integral, substitution, actual
integration and answer.
INTEGRATION
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

30
37
15
13
20
23
) (
5 3
2
5
3
4
6
) (
2 1 2 1 ) (
1 1 ) (
) (
1
0
5
3 3 / 5 3 / 4
1
0
4 2 3 / 2 3 / 1
1
0
2
2
2
3 / 1
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+ + + + =
+ + =
=
}
}
}
y V
y
y y y y y y V
dy y y y y y V
dy y y y V
dy r R y V
d
c
ROTATING about y=-1
Remember! If you have y=k as line of rotation,
then you will f(x)-k and g(x)-k
Therefore, you will have f(x)=x
1/2
+1 and
g(x)=x
3
+1
Using the washers formula, lets find the
volume.
VOLUME
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3

7
1
2
1
2
1
3
4
) (
7 2 2 3
4
) (
2 1 2 1 ) (
1 1 ) (
) (
1
0
7 4 2
2 / 3
1
0
6 3
1
0
2
3
2
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+ + + + =
+ + =
=
}
}
}
x V
x x
x
x
x x x V
dx x x x x x V
dx x x x V
dx r R x V
b
a
KRSNACULULUS STATUS
END OF AP CALCULUS AB
END OF CALCULUS I
MIDDLE POINT OF AP CALCULUS BC.
START OF CALCULUS II.
** AP CALCULUS AB AND CALCULUS I,
PLEASE GO TO THE SUMMARY
SECTION.**
VOLUME BY SHELLS
If we wanted revolve a region to form a solid,
we could use really thin cylinders, find the
area for all of these cylinders and thus, get the
volume.
It is merely the sum of the surface area of each
cylinder. The formula of the surface area of a
cylinder is 2trh. If we make the thickness as
thick as dx, then the shells formula would like
this.
SHELLS FORMULA
}
}
=
=
Rydy x V
Rxdx y V
2 ) (
2 ) (
r
h
For rotation over the y -axis
PROPOSED SLIDES.
TEMPORARY UNDER
CONSTRUCTION

ARC LENGTH AND SURFACE
AREA
This topic requires very strong algebra skills.
We will introduce arc length and surface area
of a solid of revolution, since their formulas
are very much similar.
First, we must discuss ds.
WHAT IS ds?
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
Remember the Pythagorean theorem?
x
2
+y
2
=r
2
Lets call they hypotenuse as s instead of
r.
y
x
s
SIMILARLY
Works with differentials!
ds
2
=dx
2
+dy
2
Same concept applies
You could rewrite it as ds
2
=[1+(dy/dx)
2
]dx
2
dy
dx
ds
FINDING DISTANCE
Ay
Ax
Ax
Ax
Ay
Ay
As
As
As
DISTANCE
Notice if you make right triangles with equal x, the
hypotenuse will be really close to the graph line. The
hypotenuse would be s.
The sum of s will give you the distance or the length
of the line.
If we took infinitesimal right triangles such that x
would become the width, dx. Therefore, s will
become ds.
The sum of these very minute lines or dots (hehe)
would become the length of the line.
REIMANN SUM AND INTEGRAL
FOR ARC LENGTH
Definition for ds.

Reimann sum to find the
distance of the line

THE ARC LEGNTH
FORMULA with respect to
x.
THE ARC LENGTH
FORMULA with respect to
y.
} }
} }

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
A A + A = A
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
= =
d
c
d
c
b
a
b
a
n
i
n
i
dy
dy
dx
ds
dx
dx
dy
ds
x y x s
dx
dx
dy
ds
2
2
1 1
2
1
1
1
COMPUTATING ARC LENGTH
Due to the radical sign in the ds expression,
integration becomes really difficult.
In the later chapters, we will discuss
integration of such integrals.
We will only do very simple functions that we
can integrate with the knowledge we have
now.

FROM THIS FORMULA
You can get surface
area.
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d
c
surface
b
a
surface
dy
dy
dx
x y A
dx
dx
dy
y x A
2
2
1 ) (
1 ) (
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Lets say you are given the great honor to make
garland for the Deities. Of course, you dont want
them to be so short that the garlands become a
necklace. But then again, you dont want to make
them as long as they would touch the floor! In other
words, you gotta make em just right!

Make this a bonafide problem as much as possible.
If we were to break the loop and lie it along the
tilak graph (y = (2/3)x
3/2
), youll see that the graph
starts from x=3 to x = 15. Find the length of this
garland.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
( ) ( )
3
112
56
3
2
8 64
3
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
16
4
2 / 3
16
4
15
3
15
3
15
3
2
2 / 3
15
3
2
15
3
= = =
(

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+ =
+ =
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u
du u Ldx
dx du
x u
dx x Ldx
x
dx
dy
x
dx
dy
x y
dx
dx
dy
Ldx
You guessed it! Arc length
formula!
You differentiate the function
and square the derivative as
shown.
Put the formula to some
action!!
Oops! Dont forget u-
substitution. If u=1+x, then
du/dx = 1, therefore du = dx.
Using the fundamental
theorem of calculus along with
the u-substitution, evaluate the
integral!
SURFACE AREA PROBLEM
Remember in the Mahabharata, the five Pandavas
needed to be in disguise during their thirteenth year
of exile! Arjuna is gonna be Brhanalla, and he needs a
pakhwaj drum.
You are his personal assistant who makes these drum.
Its almost cylindrical but lets say that is 100%
cylindrical.
Theoretically, the pakhawaj resembles the solid
formed by rotating the region over the x-axis. The
region is defined as being bound between the line
y=3, x-axis, y axis and x=10.
Find the surface area of this pakhawaj.
GRAPH, BEFORE, AFTER
Always know what region
you are talking about.
Draw a graph!! It helps!


Eh.. I know.. Not the best
pic but you get the idea
of how it looks like when
rotated!
FINDING THE SURFACE AREA
| | 30 0 30 3 3
3
1 3
0
3
1 ) (
10
0
10
0
10
0
10
0
2
= = =
=
=
=
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}
x dx
dx A
dx A
dx
dy
y
dx
dx
dy
y x A
surface
surface
b
a
surface
Remember! Formula first!
Dont forget! We rotated
about the x-axis, so we use
the A(x) formula.
The function is y=3. dy/dx =
0.
The integral becomes a
piece of cake
Simply apply fundamental
theorem of calculus.
Dont forget. Area = units
sqaured!
END OF CHAPTER SIX
Considering this the end of Calculus I (AP
Calculus AB) students and the beginning of
Calculus II (mid-AP Calc BC), everyone
should keep the following in mind.
Dont forget the most important formulas:
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+ =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
d
c
surface
b
a
surface
d
c
d
c
b
a
b
a
d
c
b
a
d
c
b
a
d
c
left right
b
a
bottom top
dy
dy
dx
x y A
dx
dx
dy
y x A
dy
dy
dx
ds
dx
dx
dy
ds
Rydy x V
Rxdx y V
dy r R y V
dx r R x V
dy y g y V
dx x f x V
dy x x A
dx y y A
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
1 ) (
1 ) (
1
1
2 ) (
2 ) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
Area between 2
curves
(all)
Disk method
(AB II)
Washers method
(AB II)
Cylindrical Shells
(BC II)

Arc Length
(BC II)

Surface Area
(BC II)
SUMMARY
When doing these problems with area, volume,
arc length, or surface area, always draw a
picture of the all graphs and conditions
involved.
Then draw a before/after scenario.
Write the equations necessary to solve the
problem.
Check with a calculator if available
CONCLUSION
We are about to reach a point in calculus where
simply memorizing equations and plugging numbers
will not be useful all on its own.
Calculus requires critical thinking. The secret behind
math is planning. How do you plan to solve a
problem? With method would work the best and
efficiently? These questions will come up soon.
Never forget the important rules of integration. The
next few chapters are strictly devoted to integration.
END OF CHAPTER SIX
Sri Krsna Caitanya Prabhu Nityananda
Sri Advaita Gadadhara Srivasadi Gaura Bhakta
Vrnda
Hare Krsna Hare Krsna Krsna Krsna Hare Hare
Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare
CREDITS
Mr. J. Trapani
Mr. G. Chomiak
Dr. A. Moslow
Mr. D. Ireland
Calculus and Early Transcendental Functions
5
th
Ed.
Single-variable Calculus (SUNY Buffalo)