Power System Protective

Relaying-Part One

Wei-Jen Lee, Ph.D., PE

Professor of Electrical Engineering Dept.
The Univ. of Texas at Arlington
Tel: 817-272-5046
E-mail: lee@exchange.uta.edu
Introduction
 Nature Cause
Introduction
 Equipment Failure
Introduction
 Human Error
Introduction
 Relay:an electric device that is
designed to respond to input
conditions in a prescribed manner
and , after specified conditions are
met, to cause contact operation or
similar abrupt change in associated
electric control circuits. (IEEE)
Introduction
 ProtectiveRelay:A relay whose
function is to detect defective lines
or apparatus or other power system
conditions of an abnormal or
dangerous nature and to initiate
appropriate control circuit action.
(IEEE)
Typical Protective Relays
Portable Protective Relay Test
Equipment
Typical Power Circuit Breakers
Typical Power Circuit Breakers
Sample Device Numbers
 Master element: 1
 Time-delay starting or closing relay: 2
 Distance relay: 21
 Directional power relay: 32
 Instantaneous overcurrent relay: 50
 AC time overcurrent relay: 51
 AC directional overcurrent relay: 67
 Frequency relay: 81
 Differential protective relay: 87
Typical Relay and Circuit
Breaker Connections
 Typical single line AC connection
Typical Relay and Circuit
Breaker Connections
 Typical three-phase AC connection
Basic Objectives of System
Protection
 Reliability
 Selectivity
 Speed of Operation
 Simplicity
 Economics
Factors Affecting the Protection
System
 Economics
 Personality
 Location of Disconnecting and Input
Devices
 Available Fault Indicators
Classification of Relays
 Protective Relays
 Regulating Relays
 Reclosing, Synchronism Check, and
Synchronizing Relays
 Monitoring Relays
 Auxiliary Relays
 Others
Protective Relay Performance
 Since many relays near the trouble area
may begin to operate for any given fault, it
is difficult to completely evaluate an
individual relay’s performance.
 Performance can be categorized as
follows:
– Correct: (a) As planned or (b) Not as planned
or expected.
– Incorrect: (a) Fail to trip or (b) False tripping
– No conclusion
Principles of Relay Application
 The power system is divided into protection
zones defined by the equipment and available
circuit breakers. Six possible protection zones
are listed below:
– Generators and generator-transformer units
– Transformers
– Buses
– Lines (Transmission, subtransmission, and distribution)
– Utilization equipment
– Capacitor or reactor banks
Principles of Relay Application
 Typical relay primary protection zones
Principles of Relay Application
 Overlapping protection zones
Information for Application
 One line diagram and system
configuration
 Impedance and connection of the power
equipment, system frequency, system
voltage, and system phase sequence
 Existing protection and problems
 Operating procedure and Practices
 Importance of the system equipment
being protected
Information for Application
 System fault study
 Maximum loads and system swing limits
 Current and voltage transformer locations,
connections, and ratios
 Future expansion