AIR POLLUTION

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Air pollution is basically the presence of foreign substances in air in excessive concentration which adversely affects the well being of an individual.

Presence of one or more than one contaminants of dust, smoke, different type of gases and vapours in the atmosphere which affect the quality and property of air which is injurious to human health, plant and animal life is called Air Pollution. The substance / material causing pollution is known as

Pollutant
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Classification of Air Pollutants

1. 2. 3. On the basis of origin Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants On the basis of chemical composition Organic Pollutants Inorganic Pollutants On the basis of state of matter Gaseous Pollutants Particulate Matters

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1.

According to Origin

Primary Pollutants: Which are directly emitted into the

atmosphere and are found as such.

Examples: CO, NO, SOx, HC and particulate matters.

Secondary Pollutants: Which are derived from the primary pollutants due to chemical or photochemical reaction. Examples: PAN (Per Oxy - Acyl Nitrate).

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2. According to chemical composition

Organic Pollutants: Hydrocarbons, Aldehydes, Ketones and Amines etc Inorganic Pollutants:

Carbon Compounds, (CO & Carbonates)

Nitrogen Compounds, (NOx & NH3 ) Sulphur Compounds (SO2 , H2S and SO3 )

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3. According to state of matter

Gaseous Pollutants: Which get mixed with air & dont normally settle out. Examples: CO, NOx and SO2 .

Particulate Matters:
Finely divided/suspended solids or liquids, Example: Smoke, fumes, dust, fog and smog.

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PRIMARY
POLLUTANTS

1. CO

2. Nox
3. Sox

4. Hydrocarbons
5. Particulate Matters

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Properties :

It is colourless, tasteless, odourless and toxic gas.

It is slightly lighter than air. Insoluble in water. It is chemically inert under normal condition

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Production: Incomplete burning of fuels. 2C + O2 2CO Reaction between CO2 and C at very high temperature in blast furnace. CO2 + C 2CO Dissociation of CO2 at higher temperature CO2 CO + O

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Sources: Natural Sources: Volcanic Eruption, Natural gas emissions & Forest fires. Anthropogenic Sources: Almost 2/3rd of the CO emitted comes from internal

combustion (IC) engines. Motor vehicles, aircrafts, railways, Iron and steel industries, Petroleum and paper industries, Agricultural burning.

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Effects

It affects oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to

high affinity for haemoglobin (Hb).

[HbO2 ] + CO
Oxyhaemoglobin

[HbCO]

O2

Carboxy haemoglobin (stable complex)

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Conc.
10 ppm 100 ppm

Effects
Decreases visibility Headache, vascular disorder

250 ppm
750-1000ppm

Loss of consciousness
Death of human beings.

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Control
1. 2. 3. Modification of internal combustion engines. Development of substitute fuels for gasoline. The four basic technical control methods used for CO are adsorption, absorption, condensation and combustion. 4. Transport sources are 2/3rd responsible for all CO emission which can be controlled by controlling

automobiles.

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Oxides of Sulphur

Oxides of Sulphur : They are represented/ indicated by (SOx). In air pollution SO2 and SO3 are the two major pollutants.

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Oxides of Sulphur

1. Sulphur monoxide (SO) 2. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 3. Sulphur trioxide (SO3) 4. Sulphur tetra oxide (S2O4) 5. Sulphur sesquioxide (S2O3) and 6. Sulphur heptaoxide (S2O7).

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Oxides of Sulphur

SO2
It is a colourless, non-flammable Suffocating pungent odour

Highly soluble in water

About twice as heavy as air

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Oxides of Sulphur
Production : Produced from the combustion of sulphur bearing materials. S + O2 SO2 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 SO2 + H2O H2 SO3 (Sulphurous acid) SO3 + H2 O H2 SO4 (Sulphuric acid)

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Oxides of Sulphur
Sources Natural Sources: [67%] of SOx are emitted by natural agencies from volcanic eruption, decomposition of fossil fuels and bacterial

decomposition of organic substance. Anthropogenic Sources: [33%] Combustion of S containing coal & fuel. Roasting of sulphide ore in smelting industries. Cu2 S + O2 (Copper pyrite)
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2 Cu + SO2

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Oxides of Sulphur
Harmful effects : These affect human being as well as plants. In Human Being H2SO4 & SO3 irritate the mucous membrane and respiratory tract. It causes bronchitis. The SO2 particulate combination (smog) has been cited as cause of death.

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Oxides of Sulphur
In plants SO2 if present only 0.03 ppm concentration shows Damage of chlorophyll and stop photosynthesis plants called chlorosis disease in green

Falling of leaves called Narcosis.

Crops such as soybeans, cotton, spinach, sensitive to SO2. Due to formation of H2SO4, (acid rain) it damages marbles,

buildings.
CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O
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Oxides of Sulphur
Effects of SO2 on human health .

Conc.ppm
1.0 - 2.0 1.0 - 5.0

Effects
Cardio respiratory response Chest pain

5.0 - 10.0
10.0 - 20.0 20.0 400 to 500

Choking and increased lung resistance to air flow.

Nose bleeding Digestive tract affected, eye irritation Fatal

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Oxides of Sulphur
Control: Removal of SOx from fuel gases. Use of low sulphur fuels. Converting coal by liquefaction or gasification. Using chemical scrubbers like CaCO3.

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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

These are indicated as NOx. There are seven types of NOx present. 1. Nitric oxide (NO) 2. Nitrous oxide (N2O) 3. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 4. Nitrogen tri oxide (NO3) 5. Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O3)

6. Nitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) and

7. Nitrogen penta-oxide (N2O5)
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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Properties:

i)

NO:

It

is

a
gas,

colourless,
produced

odourless,
by rapid

paramagnetic

combustion of fuels.

ii) NO2 : is red brown in colour, pungent, suffocating in odour.

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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Generation:The formation of NO and NO2 is as follows:-

1210 17650C N2 + O2 ------------------ 2NO 2NO + O2 ---------------- 2NO2

This is formed at high temperature.NO2 is produced by photolytic reaction also.

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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Sources:Natural sources

Bacterial decomposition of organic matter.

By lightening and forest fire. NOx is also produced in upper atmosphere which diffuses to

lower atmosphere.
Anthropogenic sources : Combustion of fossil fuel, coal, natural gases. Power plants produce high conc. of NOx at high temperature. HNO3 is end product of Nox.

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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

HNO3 is formed as follows

NO2 + O3 NO3 + O2 NO3 + NO2 N2O5 N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3
NOx is 10-100 times greater in urban area due to

industrialization and automobiles.

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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Harmful Effects: NO2 is more harmful than NO. NO2 is a toxic gas causing damage to respiratory system. Increased concentration causes Bronchitis. It disturbs some cellular enzyme system. NO is an inert gas. NO like CO can combine with haemoglobin and reduces oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

NOx are responsible to damage textile material like

cotton, Rayon, and nylon and these start fading.
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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

N2O Nitrous oxide or laughing gas It is often used as a dental anaesthetic is an important green house gas. One N2O molecule is about 200 times as effective as one CO2 molecule, as a green house gas.

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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Effect of NO2 on health

ppm 0.7 to 2.0 5 to 20 Effect Increased resistance of the lungs airways Eye and nasal irritation.

20 to 50
50 to100 100 to 150

Pulmonary discomfort
Inflammation of lung tissues Bronchitis

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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Control The use of catalytic converter for the control of automotive emissions.

Fuel burn out at a relatively low temperature in

excess air under these conditions NO will not be formed.

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Hydrocarbons (HC)

A hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting

entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon Example- CH4 They represent unburnt and waste fuel. The major chemicals in gasoline and petroleum products are hydrocarbons.

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Hydrocarbons (HC)

HYDROCARBONS

Aromatic

Aliphatic

Alkane

Alkene

Alkyne

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Hydrocarbons (HC)
1. Alkanes : Alkanes are HC with only single bonds between the atoms. Alkanes can be either straight-chain or branched chain Straight-chain alkanes are the simplest Saturated HCs e.g. CH4 are inert and not active in photo chemical reactions.

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Hydrocarbons (HC)
2. Alkenes :

Alkenes are HC with at least one double bond.

Olefines are unsaturated and highly reactive.

3. Alkyne :

Alkynes are HC with at least one triple bond.

Ethylene in the presence of sunlight, react with NO2 at high conc. to form secondary pollutants such as PAN and ozone

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Hydrocarbons (HC)

Aromatic hydrocarbons are biochemically and biologically active.

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Hydrocarbons (HC)
Sources of Hydrocarbon 1. Natural Sources: Some HC come from geothermal areas, coal fields, natural gas from petroleum fields and natural fires. HC are also produced by plants & trees (terpenes, isoprene)

CH4 is the major component HC emitted in the atmosphere.

It is produced by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in water or soil

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Hydrocarbons (HC)

2. Anthropogenic Source: It is estimated that human

activities contribute about 15% of HC. Industrial sources.

Transportation,
HC emissions from solid waste disposal, Agricultural burning and coal waste fires.

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Hydrocarbons (HC)
Harmful Effects of HC:
HC are generally non toxic, but their role in the formation of Photo chemical Smog is important.

Ethylene, produced in automobile exhaust cause

plant damage even at low concentrations. Tomato and pepper plants and orchids can be severely damaged if they are exposed to ethylene for longer duration.

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Hydrocarbons (HC)
Control Methods: HC are controlled by physical and chemical methods

Adsorption. Substitution. Condensation.

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Particulate Matter or Aerosols

Small,

solid

particles

and

liquid

droplets

are

collectively termed as

Particulates.

Natural particulates include

Pollen, viruses,
volcanic dust etc.

bacteria, fungi, spores, fibres,

Anthropogenic particulates include

Smoke, fly ash, acid droplets, inorganic dusts.

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Particulate Matter or Aerosols

Anthropogenic particulates There are various types of particulates 1. 2. Dust Smoke

3.
4. 5.

Fumes
Mist Fog

6.

Aerosol

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Particulate Matter or Aerosols

1.

Dust: Dispersion aerosols with solid particles are called dusts. They are heterogeneous in composition.

2.

Smoke: Condensation of aerosols with a solid & a solid dispersed phase / a liquid and a liquid dispersed phase are called smokes.

3.

Fumes: Solid particles of the size 0.1 to 1mm which are released from chemical or metallurgical process.

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Particulate Matter or Aerosols

4.

Mist : It is made up of liquid droplets generally smaller than 10 mm formed by condensation in the

atmosphere or are released from industrial operation. 5. Fog : It is mist in which the liquid is water and is

dense to observe vision.

6. Aerosol : all air borne suspensions either solid or liquid , smaller than 1cm.

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Particulate Matter or Aerosols

Sources of Particulates
Man made activities such as burning of wood, coal, oil and gaseous fuels. Fly ash emissions from power

plants, forest fires, burning of coal and agricultural

materials etc.

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Particulate Matter or Aerosols

Harmful Effects

Aerosols cause allergies to sensitive persons. The sprays of insecticides and pesticides affect the central nervous system. Control: Various types of equipments are used for the removal of particulate matter from gas streams.

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1. Acid Rain

SECONDARY POLLUTANTS

2. Ozone & Its Depletion

3. Photochemical Smog

4. Green House Effect /

Global Warming

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ACID RAIN
Presence of excessive acid in rain water is called acid rain. by Robert Angus in 1872 Acid rain is a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3

H2SO4 and HNO3 Combined with HCl generate acidic precipitation which is widely known as Acid Rain Precipitation that has a pH of less than that of natural rainwater.

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ACID RAIN

Acid rain is in fact cocktail (mixing) of mainly H2SO4

and HNO3, where the ratio of two acids vary according to the quantities of S And N2, Composition : 1. H2SO4 is about 60 70%, 2. HNO3 is 30- 40% and 3. HCl is 0 5%.

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ACID RAIN

Sources:
Human activities- gaseous emissions from Car, homes, Factories and Power Station. Volcanoes Burning of fossil fuels. Industrialization Automobiles.

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ACID RAIN
Reactions in the Atmosphere :
SO2 + H2O H2SO3 (Sulphurous acid) SO3 + H2 O H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid) NO2 + O3 NO3 + O2 NO3 + NO2 N2O5 N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3 (Nitric acid)

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ACID RAIN

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ACID RAIN

Harmful Effects
1. On Terrestrial Ecosystem / Vegetation

2. On Buildings
3. On Aquatic Biota. 4. On Human health

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ACID RAIN
Effect on Terrestrial Ecosystem / Vegetation Acid rain damages leaves of plants and trees Increased acidity in soil Leeches nutrients from soil, slowing plant growth Pea, Beans, Radish, Potato, etc Leeches toxins from soil, poisoning plants Creates brown spots in leaves of trees, impeding photosynthesis Allows organisms to infect through broken leaves
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ACID RAIN
Effect on Buildings Accelerates weathering in metal and stone structures, Example:- Parthenon in Athens, Greece; The Taj Mahal of Agra is also suffering at present due to SO2 and H2SO4 fumes. Extensive damage of buildings and rapid attack of materials of marble limestone. CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2S + CO2 The attack on marble is termed as Acid Leprosy.

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ACID RAIN
Effect on Aquatic Biota

Increased acidity in water bodies

Effects on aquatic systems such as acidification, decreased alkalinity. Many bacteria and blue green algae are killed due to

acidification.
Biological effects on aquatic biota decline the productivity of fish and amphibians. Stops eggs of certain organisms (e.g. fish) to stop hatching & Changes population ratios

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ACID RAIN
Effect on Human Health Respiratory problems, asthma, dry coughs, headaches and throat irritations Leeching of toxins from the soil by acid rain can be absorbed by plants and animals. When consumed, these toxins affect humans severely. Brain damage, kidney problems, and Alzheimer's

disease has been linked to people eating "toxic"

animals/plants.
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ACID RAIN
Control The simplest solutions to the problem is to neutralize the acid with time. Powdered limestone/limewater added to water and soil to neutralize acid To reduce the emissions of SOx and NOx from industries. Desulphurisation and denitrification.

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ACID RAIN Control

Energy conservations Reduce fuel consumption. Substitution energy. Use cleaner fuel Coal that contains less sulphur for fossil fuels by other alternative

"Washing" the coal to reduce sulphur content

Natural Gas Use other sources of electricity (i.e. nuclear power, hydro-electricity, wind energy,

geothermal energy, and solar energy)

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Photochemical Smog
The majority of the harmful effects of hydrocarbon pollution is not due to the

hydrocarbons, but due to the products of photochemical reactions in which these are involved. Smog originally means an odd combination of Smoke and Fog.

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Photochemical Smog

The condition for the formation of chemical smog areA. Stagnant air masses, B. Abundant sunlight, C. High concentration of hydrocarbon and Nox pollutants.

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Photochemical Smog
Photochemical smog is characterized by Brown, hazy fumes Irritates the eyes and lungs Lead to the cracking of rubbers Cause extensive damage of plants life. Is an oxidising smog & has high concentration of oxidants.

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Photochemical Smog
Reactions Involved in Photochemical Smog: Reactive hydrocarbons from automobile exhaust interact with O3 to form a free radical RCH2 . Reactive HC + O3 RCH2* RCH2* reacts with O2 to form another free radical. RCH2* + O2 RCH2O2. RCH2O2* reacts with NO to produce NO2 and the free radical RCH2O* RCH2O2* + NO
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RCH2O* + NO2
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Photochemical Smog
This new free radical with O2 to yields a stable

aldehyde, RCHO and hydro peroxyl radical HO2.

RCH2O * + O2 RCHO + HO2* HO2. then reacts with another molecule of NO to

give NO2 and HO.

HO2* + NO HO* + NO2 HO. is extremely reactive and rapidly reacts with a stable RCH3 to yield H2O and regenerate the RCH2*+ H2O
65

free

radical RCH2. RCH3 + HO*

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Photochemical Smog

One complete cycle yields

Two molecules of NO2 One molecule of RCHO

Regenerates the free hydrocarbon

radical RCH2. to start all over again.

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Photochemical Smog
RCHO interacts with the HO. radical and form acyl radical RC* = O RCHO + HO. RC* = O + H2 O ( acyl Radical)

Acyl radical further change into peroxyacyl radical by the absorption of O2 and RC = O.
O

+ O2

RC*

O OO O

(Peroxy Acyl radical)

Which finally changes into the RCO3NO2 Peroxyacyl Nitrate (PAN) RC*
OO

+ NO2 RC

OONO2

+ HO.

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Reactive Hydrocarbon

+O3 RCH*2. +RCH 3 +O2

RCH2O*2
+NO

Photochemical Smog

HO*+ NO2 HO*2

RCH2O*+ NO2

+NO

+O2

+
RCHO
HO* RC * = O +O2
RC *

Peroxyacyl Radical
OO

+ NO2

O RC
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Peroxyacyl Nitrate (PAN)

OONO2

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GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

The heating up of the earths surface due to absorption of heat radiation and retention is called as Global Warming / Green House Effect

Water vapour and radioactively active gases (RAGs) or

green house gases (GHG) in the atmosphere absorb a large part of long wave radiation and the temperature

raises from 25500K to 29000K.

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GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

40 units are radiated by clouds, 21 units are radiated by water vapour and gases.

100 units return to the earth.

120 units of long wave energy emitted from the earths surface 111 units are absorbed by clouds, water vapour and GHGs in the atmosphere.

Ability to retain the longer wave radiation from earths surface

is commonly known as Green house effect.

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GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

The term Green house effect first given by J. Fourier in 1827. This is also called as Atmospheric effect and Global warming. Global Warming:- The average global day by day. CO2 and water vapour are transparent to the incoming shortwave radiations but-are nearly opaque to the reflected longer radiation. This gives warming. This phenomenon is known as Green House Effect. such gases called Green House Gases. temperature is increasing

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GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

Green House Gases 1. CO2 50% Burning of fossil fuels coal, petroleum 2. CFC (chlorofluoro carbon) 17% Through refrigeration, insulation, aerosols. 3.CH4 19% Agriculture 4. N2O 4% from fossil fuels 5. O3 8% By photochemical reaction of NO2. CH4 : 19%
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CO2 : 50%

GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

It reminds of the heat trapping effect of the glass wall in a

horticultural green house.

In a green house, visible light passes through the glass and heats up the soil and warms up the plants. The warm soil emits radiations of longer wavelength (I.R.). This mechanism keeps the green house warmer. Thus a green house is a body which allows the shorter wavelengths from SUN to come in but does not allow the longer wave radiations (IR) to escape

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GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

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GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

Sources of Green House Gases. Factories, Fossil fuels Automobile, railways, air craft Burning of fossil fuel Deforestation Halogenated gases (CFC) Forest fire Bacteriological decomposition of dead organic compounds.

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GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

Effect of Green House gases:Rise in temperature will result in melting the ice masses in the Arctic and Antarctica region. In temperate regions the summers will be longer and hotter whereas in the winters will shorter and warmer Industrialization and deforestation will create a layer of

impenetrable gases. Plants will be less rich in nitrogen & more susceptible to pests.

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GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

Prevention of Global Warming:Drastic cut in the consumption of fossil fuels Technical alteration in industrialization and transportation. Use of methanol in automobile. Use of solar energy, Biogas. Forestation. Conservation

Reduce energy needs Recycling

Alternate energy sources Nuclear Wind Geothermal Hydroelectric Solar Fusion

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Ozone
Ozone is a bluish gas with an pungent odour. Water soluble, unstable, sweetish odour. It can be produced by passing a high voltage through dry air between two electrodes. It is unstable and breaks down to O2 and nascent oxygen ( a powerful oxidizing agent).

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Occurrence Natural ozone mainly occurs in the stratosphere where it serves a vital biological role in absorbing high energy photons of UV rays.

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Natural O3 is also present in troposphere. Ozone

is a life saviour, if present in Stratosphere but a

pollutant in troposphere.

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Sources
1. Mainly it is present in stratosphere but small concentration diffuses downwards. 2. Also small amount is produced by lighting forest fires. 3. The emission of hydrocarbons, CO and NOx mainly from

vehicles is responsible for higher ozone concentration in the

troposphere. NO (nitric oxide) & CFC present in atmosphere reacts with ozone and is thus, responsible for the depletion of ozone.

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Effects on Human being Ozone is a poisonous gas. At higher concentration Ozone is a major component of photochemical smog along with PAN.

It is strong irritant. In the respiratory tract reaches much

deeper into lungs than SOx. Causes coughing, breathing problems, headache,

altered red blood cells,

eye, nose and throat irritation. Effect of ozone on plants include premature aging, suppressed growth,

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Control
Tropospheric ozone conc. can be reduced by controlling the emission of the anthropogenic precursors of ozone which are HCs, NOx and CO for this Reduce NOx emissions from power stations and vehicle exhausts. Reduce volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions from vehicle exhausts. Reduce CO emissions from vehicles.

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Ozone is present at all altitudes in the atmosphere mainly

in the stratosphere extending from 10 kms to 30 kms.

This upper layer of the atmosphere is commonly known as Ozonosphere.

Its conc. at tropopause is < 1.0ppm and then starts Increasing to a maximum value of 8.0 ppm at 30 km. and
then again decreases to a value of 2.0ppm at 40 km.

Its value reaches 0 ppm at 100 k.m.

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Formation of Ozone Layer:In stratosphere, O3 is formed naturally when oxygen is dissociated by UV solar radiations. O2 + h (242 nm) O + O2 + M O+O

O3 + M

Where M denotes energy and momentum balance

produced by the collision of different molecules.

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Cause of Depletion of Ozone Layer:1. Water vapour and nitrogen oxides released by high attitude aircrafts. 2. Nitrous oxides (N2O) produced by the bacteria in soil

Chlorofluoro hydrocarbons which

are widely used in

refrigeration. So depletion of ozone takes place and result in increase in u v rays reaching the earth.

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Mechanism of Ozone Depletion:-

It includes :
(1) The natural process. (2) The anthropogenic process.

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1.The Natural Process: The atmospheric oxygen absorbs UV radiation at < 240 nm. And photo dissociate into two oxygen atoms.

This nascent oxygen combine with oxygen molecule and

form ozone (O3).

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This ozone again react with nascent oxygen and dissociates into molecular oxygen. 240 260 nm O2 + O+O

O3 + O

O2 + O2

Ozone acts as a powerful oxidant .

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The CFC s (like chlorofluoro methane or freon) are inert in normal and physical reactions but they

get accumulated in greater amounts at higher

altitudes of stratosphere. Release chlorine atoms under the influence of UV radiations

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CF2Cl2 + h CF2Cl

Cl + CF2Cl

----

(1) (2)

+ O2 CF2 O + ClO -----

ClO

Cl + O
ClO + O2

------------

(3)
(4) (5)

Cl + O3

ClO + O3 Cl + 2O2 --------

Here Cl atom acts as a catalyst, and two O3 molecules are

destroyed.

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CFCs and halons (bromochlorofluoro carbon) remain inactive in the troposphere and it takes about 20 -40 years

for these chemicals to travel to reach the stratosphere, but

after that their intermediate product (chlorine atom) remains active for more than 100 years.

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Anthropogenic Process :Supersonic air crafts , nuclear explosions produce large

quantities of NOx which directly enter into stratosphere.

Reaction between ozone and NOx is given below.

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Reaction between ozone and NOx is given below.

h NO + O3 NO + O2 NO2 + O3 NO2 + O N O2 + O 2 NO2 + O NO3 + O2 NO + O2

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h H2 O .OH + H.
.OH

+ O3 H O 2 + O2
.OH

H. + O3

+ O2

The net result is that NOx increase the rate of O3 destruction.

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Effects of Ozone Depletion: On Human Body:

1.

Increasing rate of UV rays in the earth surface

thus increase the temperature of the earth

2. 3.

Causes skin cancer, reduce resistance. Increase in UV radiation have damaging effects on the DNA of exposed cells of organisms and cause Skin Cancer.

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Effect on Biotic Community:

1. Many micro phytoplankton and zoo planktons would die because of their exposure to UV solar radiation 2. The marine animals, fishes etc. will starve in

the absence of sufficient supply of food.

3. The loss of fish population would directly affect the inhabitants of coastal area

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Effect on Plants: It damages tomato, pea, pine and other plants.

Plant proteins are also susceptible to UV injury.

Chlorophyll reduction have been observed. Ozone along with other pollutants like SO2 and NO2 affects loss of crops over 50%.

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Effect on Climate: By absorbing UV radiations the ozone

layer heats the temperature.

Ozone reduction in stratosphere may drastically change the weather elements like temperature or wind pattern.

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Ozone Depletion Create Ecological Disbalance: The depletion of ozone if not controlled would effect the ecosystem productivity, ecological stability and environmental equilibrium. This also cause certain physiological changes in

man and animals. Change in energy balance and

radiation would affect type, density and stability of vegetation.

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