VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BELGAUM

Seminar on
Power saving in wireless sensor network
By Manjunath.M (1BY09EC401) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Mr.Suryakanth baswaraj
Asst.Professor

Energy Saving in WSNs

Outline:
Introduction. Power Consumption in WSNs. Sleep-wake Scheduling. In-network Processing. Network Coding. Communication Protocol.

Introduction
Wireless Sensor Network? A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes sensors organized into a cooperative network. The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an adhoc fashion.

Base Station
Detection

Sensor Field

Introduction (Cont.)
What are the components of the wireless sensor? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Processor. Memory. RF transceiver. Power source. Sensor.

 Introduction (Cont.)
What is the goal of the sensor node? The goal from the sensor node is to collect the data at regular intervals, then transform the data into an electrical signal and finally send the signal to the sink or the base node.

 Introduction (Cont.)

Sensor Types

Temperature Sensor

Light Sensor

Sound Sensor

Vibration Sensor

Power Consumption in WSNs

The power issue in the wireless sensor network is one of the biggest challenges, because the sensor has a limited source of power which is also hard to replace or recharge e.g. sensors in the battle field, sensors in a large forest etc.

1. 2. 3.

Why limited source of power? Inexpensive nature. Limited size and weight. Redundant nature.

sources of power consumption:

1. Useful power consumption:
Transmitting or resaving data. Processing query requests. Forwarding queries and data to the neighbors.

2. Wasteful power consumption:

Idle listening to the channel waiting for possible traffic. Retransmitting because of collisions e.g. two packets arrived at the same time at the same sensor. Overhearing when a sensor received a packet doesnt belong to it. Generating and handling control packets. Over-emitting when a sensor received a packet while it is not ready.

How to minimize the energy consumption of sensor nodes while meeting the application requirements?
Sleep-wake Scheduling. In-network Processing. Network Coding. Communication Protocol.

Sleep-wake scheduling
Sensor Modes

Transmission

Reception

Idle

Sleep

Wake State

Sleep State

Goal: reduce the time where the sensor is being idle. Drawback: Additional delay because of waiting for the nexthop node to wake up.

Sleep-wake schemes

On-demand

Scheduled rendezvous

Asynchronous

1. On-demand Scheme:
Strategy: Sensor should be awakening just when it receives a packet from neighbors.
Advantages: Minimize the power consumption. The best sleep-wake scheme for the applications with low duty cycle. Disadvantages: Additional delay incurred when a node has to wait for its next hop node to wake up. Not suitable for Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN).

2. Scheduled Rendezvous Scheme:

Strategy: All sensors should wake up at the same time.

Transmitter:
Sleep

Wake Sleep

Wake Sleep

Send Packets

Receiver:
Sleep

Wake Sleep

Wake Sleep

Receive Packets

2. Scheduled Rendezvous Scheme (Cont.):

Advantages: All sensors are awake in the same time which allowing the broadcast massages. Disadvantages: All sensors should be synchronized in order to wake and work in the same time.

3. Asynchronous Scheme:
Strategy: All neighbors should have an overlapping between their wake periods.

Transmitter:
Sleep

Wake Preamble Data Sleep

Send Packets

Receiver:
Sleep Check the channel

Wake Data Sleep

Check the channel and receive

3. Asynchronous Scheme (Cont.):

Advantages: The sensors dont have to be synchronized together. Allow each node in the WSN to set its own sleep/wake schedule independently. The contention is reduced, because nodes wake up at different time instances.

In-network Processing
After the sensors detect phenomena or change, they generate an event to the user and by that we will have a huge number of transmissions which will consume the power of the sensors. Strategy: Reduce the number of transmissions by aggregating several events into a single event. Aggregation takes place if the data arriving to the common node have same attributes of the phenomenon being sensed.

In-network Processing
Advantages: Reduce the number of transmissions which will help to reduce the consumption of power. Disadvantages: There is a potential of having greater delay. Cant be used in case if all the original packets are needed to be delivered to the destination nodes.

Network Coding
Goal: improve the throughput and save the bandwidth. Strategy: allow to mix the data at the intermediate nodes. Advantages: Reduce the number of transmissions by mixing two packets together. Improves throughput and saves bandwidth.

Communication Protocol
The goal from adjusting the communication protocol Medium Access Control is to avoid the collisions by scheduling nodes onto different subchannels that are divided either by time TDMA, frequency FDMA or orthogonal codes CDMA.

Medium Access Control

Scheduled Protocol

Contention Protocol

1. Scheduled Protocol:
Strategy: Prevent the collisions by reserving and scheduling the resources. Example: The best protocol considered as scheduled protocol is the TDMA Time Division Multiple Access, where the time is divided into N slots and each slot can be used by only one sensor.

Frame 1

Frame 2

1 2 3

N 1 2 3

Time

TDMA MAC Protocol

1. Scheduled Protocol (Cont.):

Advantages: TDMA supports low-duty-cycle operations on sensors. Saving the power from being wasted by turning off the radio out the allocated time slot. Eliminating the possibility of collisions due contention and eliminating the possibility of overhearing. Disadvantages: Not flexible to changes in sensor density or movements. All sensors should be well synchronized.

1. Contention Protocol:
Strategy: Before sending a message, a sensor listens to the medium. If it is busy, wait a random time then retry again and if it is free then it will send the message. Advantages: It can adapt for changes in the node density, traffic load or the topology better than the Scheduled protocol. Support peer-to-peer communications. The sensors dont have to be synchronized together. Disadvantages: It is the worst protocol among all the previous protocol from the power saving perspective, since all sensors listen to the channel all the time.

CONCLUSION
Energy is one of the most critical resources for WSNs. Extensive research has been conducted to address these limitations by developing schemes that can improve resource efficiency. Although many of these energy saving techniques look promising, there are still many challenges that need to be solved in the sensor networks.

REFERENCE
Energy saving in wireless sensor networks, Hnin Yu Shwe; Jiang Xiao-hong; Horiguchi, Susumu.Journal of Communication & Computer;May2009,Vol. 6 Issue 5, p20 Energy Saving in Wireless Sensor Networks, Zahra Rezaei, Shima Mobininejad, Department of Computer Engineering Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch , Arak , Iran. I.Demirkol,C.Ersoy,F.Alagz, "MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey", IEEE Communications Magazine. A.Bachir, Mischa Dohler,T.Watteyne,K.Leung, "MAC Essentials for Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS.