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MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
What is Microbiology?
Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye. What are some examples of microbes?
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses are examples! Some are pathogenic
Defining Microbiology
Microbiology defined as the study of
organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. These organisms include viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa. Microbiologists are concerned with characteristics and functions such as morphology, cytology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy, genetics, and molecular biology.
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What is Microbiology
Study of different Microorganisms Can be Bacteria Viruses Parasites Fungus
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Viruses Bacteria (Eubacteria) and Archaeabacteria Fungi (Yeasts and Molds) Protozoa Microscopic Algae
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History of Microbiology
1673-1723, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.
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Pioneers of Microbiology
Spontaneous generation
Some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter
Pioneers of Microbiology
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, DE (1673)
First observed live microorganisms (animalcules)
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Pioneers of Microbiology
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), Chemist
Fermentation (1857) Pasteurization: heat liquid enough to kill spoilage bacteria (1864) Vaccine development rabies Proposed the germ theory of disease Proposed aseptic techniques (prevent contamination by unwanted microbes) Director of Pasteur Institute, Paris (1894)
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Pioneers of Microbiology
Joseph Lister, UK (1867)
Used phenol (carbolic acid) to disinfect wounds First aseptic technique in surgery
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (16321723): was the first microbiologist and the first person to observe bacteria using a single-lens microscope of his own design. Louis Pasteur (18221895): Pasteur developed a process (today known as pasteurization) to kill microbes. pasteurization is accomplished by heating liquids to 63 to 65C for 30 minutes or to 73 to 75C for 15 seconds. Robert Koch (18431910): was a pioneer in medical microbiology and worked in cholera, anthrax and tuberculosis. He was awarded a Nobel prize in 1905 (Koch's postulates) he set out criteria to test. Alexander Fleming (1929): Discovered penicillin.
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History of microbiology
Joseph Lister
1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteurs work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.
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Learning Objectives
To teach the basic immunological principles Immunological methods for the study immunological disorders
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Microorganisms are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Germ refers to a rapidly growing cell.
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Classification of Microorganisms
Three domains
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Protists Fungi Plants Animals
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Louis Pasteur
Contributed best in Microbiology Sterilization Hot Air oven Autoclave Anthrax vaccine Rabies vaccine Built the Pasteur Institute
1922 - 1995
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Louis Pasteur
Vacca Cow cow pox virus are given for the prevention of Small Pox Louis Pasteur considered the father of Modern Microbiology Pasteur coined the word Vaccine
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Robert Koch
1843 - 1910
A German scientist Formulated the Bacteriological techniques Staining Methods Discovered the Mycobacterium and Vibrio cholera
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Koch's Postulates
1. Microorganisms are isolated from dead animals
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2b. Microorganisms are identified 3. 4. 5. Microorganisms are injected into healthy animals Disease is reproduced in second animal Microorganisms are grown in pure culture
Kochs Postulates
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More organism work in synergy to cause a disease. Symptoms and diseases can be causes by any one of several microbes.
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Biochemistry
Genetics
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Microorganisms
Non-cellular organism Virus
Prokaryotes Bacterium
Eukaryotes Others
Fungi
Prions Viroid
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Fungi
6. Viruses
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Biological Properties Morphology, identification, Antigenic structure Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical findings Diagnostic Laboratory Tests Immunity Treatment & Prevention Epidemiology & Control
Prokaryotes
Small in Size DNA not separated from cytoplasm Mitochondria absent Eg Bacteria Contains all enzymes like Eukaryotes
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Bacteria
Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
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The structure of bacterial cell walls is quite different from the relatively simple structure of eukaryotic cell walls, although they serve the same functions, providing rigidity, strength, and protection. The main constituent of most bacterial cell walls is a complex macromolecular polymer known as peptidoglycan (murein), consisting of many polysaccharide chains linked together by small peptide (protein) chains. Peptidoglycan is only found in bacteria. The thickness of the cell wall and its exact composition vary with the species of bacteria. The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan combined with teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid molecules. The cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria have a much thinner layer of peptidoglycan, but this layer is covered with a complex layer of lipid macromolecules, usually referred to as bacteria capsule.
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Figure 3-1. Various forms of bacteria, including single cocci, diplococci, tetrads, octads, streptococci, staphylococci, single bacilli, diplobacilli, streptobacilli, branching bacilli, loosely coiled spirochetes, and tightly coiled spirochetes.
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Capsule stain. The capsule stain is an example of a negative staining technique. The bacterial cells and the background stain, but the capsules do not. The capsules are seen as unstained halos around the bacterial cells.
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. Flagellar arrangement. The four basic types of flagellar arrangement on bacteria: peritrichous, flagella all over the surface; lophotrichous, a tuft of flagella at one end; amphitrichous, one or more flagella at each end; monotrichous, one flagellum.
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Binary fission. Note that DNA replication must occur before the actual splitting (fission) of the parent cell.
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Pathogenic Prokaryotes
Bacteria Mycoplasma
Spirochetes
Chlamydiae Rickettsia Actinomyces
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Viruses
A viral particle consists of a nucleic acid molecule, either DNA or RNA, enclosed in a protein coat, or capsid
Viruses lack many of the attributes of cells, including the ability to replicate. Only when it infects a cell does a virus acquire the key attribute of a living system: reproduction
Viruses are known to infect all cells, including microbial cells. Host-virus interactions tend to be highly specific
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Discovery of Virus
Iwanovski
a Russian chemist, 1892 Tobacco Mosaic Disease
Viruses
A virus is not a cell! Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell Consist of DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
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Prion
A kind of infectious protein that can resist the digestion of proteinase
The cellular form of the prion protein (PrPc) is encoded by the hosts chromosomal DNA
An abnormal isoform of this protein (PrPres) is the only known component of the prion and is associated with transmissibility.
Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), GerstmannStrussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia , and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
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Viroid
Small, single-stranded, covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rod-like structures; they do not possess capsids
They range in size from 246 to 375 nucleotides in length. The extracellular form of the viroid is naked RNAthere is no capsid of any The RNA molecule contains no protein-encoding genes, and the viroid kind is therefore totally dependent on host functions for its replication The RNAs of viroids have been shown to contain inverted repeated base sequences at their 3' and 5' ends, a characteristic of transposable elements and retroviruses. Thus, it is likely that they have evolved from transposable elements or retroviruses by the deletion of internal sequences
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Discovery of Antibiotics
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
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Mold
Pencillium notatum
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Biological Properties Morphology, identification, Antigenic structure Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical findings Diagnostic Laboratory Tests Immunity Treatment & Prevention Epidemiology & Control
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pneumonia Vibrio cholera
Rhodospirillium rubrum
Bacillus subtilis
Micrococcus luteus
Escherichia coli Bacillus anthrasis Salmonella enteridis Streptococcus pyogenes Steptococcus lactis Streptococcus faecalis Erlichia canis Campylobacter jujuni Helicobacter pylori Enterobacter aerogenes
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1981, the first cases report about AIDS 1983, HIV was isolated 1990s, HAART (cocktail therapy) was employed So far, no effective vaccine available
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Parasitology
Parasitology is the study of parasites .and their interactions with their hosts. The science of parasitology has a long history and has its roots in zoology, with its emphasis on the identification and classification of parasites and of life cycles,
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Zoonotic Diseases
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Figure 1.4 (3 of 3)
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Pathogenesis Immunity
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Must learn
Natural History of the Disease Etiology Pathogenesis Laboratory Diagnosis
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Course objectives
To provide the student with the basic knowledge of micro-organisms in general To study the main characteristics of Microbes of medical importance To teach aseptic techniques To provide an understanding of antimicrobial agents
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1908
1945 1952 1969 1987 1997
Metchnikoff
Fleming, Chain, Florey Waksman Delbrck, Hershey, Luria Tonegawa Prusiner
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Phagocytes
Penicillin Streptomycin Viral replication Antibody genetics Prions
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The Programme Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for medical and paramedical Students in the Developing World Email
doctortvrao@gmail.com
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