Pengolahan Minyak Bumi

Nelson Saksono & Yuliusman

Ref :
1. Speight, James G. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 2nd edition. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York. 1991. 2. James H . Gary. Petroleum Refining, Technology and Economic, Marcel Dekker,Inc, New York, 1975

World Proven Reserves of Crude Oil

20.6 65.4
63.7 675.7 74.9 44.0

89.5

Billion barrels

World Proven Crude Oil Reserves

North America 6% South & Central America 9% Europe 2% Africa 7% Former Soviet Union 6% Asia & Pacific 4%

Middle East 66%

as percent of 1296 billion barrel total

Composition of Crude Oil

CRUDE OIL
HYDROCARBONS
ALIPHATICS
25%

NON-HYDROCARBONS
NAPHTHENES
50%
CYCLOALKANES

AROMATICS
17%

SULFURS
<8%

NITROGENS
<1%

OXYGENS
<3% O

METALLICS
<100PPM

C1 - C60

(C6H5)n

SH
N H COOH

Crude Oil Classification

PETROLEUM
Saturates
n-alkanes C5 - C44 branched alkanes cycloalkanes (napthenes)

Asphaltics Aromatics
single ring condensed ring nitrogen oxygen sulfur containing compounds

Ot he r 10% A spha l t i c s 8% A r om a t i c s 7% S a t ur a t e s 25%

API Gravity = 35o

N a pht he ne s 50%

The Uses of Crude Oil

Uses of Crude Oil

Uses of Crude Oil

Gasoline Kerosene Jet Fuel Gasoline Liquefied Refinery Gases Kerosene Jet Fuel Coke Liquefied Refinery Gases Coke PETROCHEM ICAL FEEDSTOCKS Kerosene PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCKS Kerosene

Distillate Fuel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Distillate Fuel Oil Still Gas Residual Fuel Oil Asphalt and Road Oil Still Gas Lubricants Asphalt and Road Oil Other Lubricants Other

The Xylenes

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3 ortho Boiling Point Melting Point 144oC -25oC meta 139.3oC -47.4oC CH3 para 137-138oC 13-14oC

CRUDE

Petroleum delivered from well field

DESALTING

Water washing to remove impurities

REFINING

Distillation to separate by boiling point ranges

REFORMING

Conversion reactions to alter molecular structures Mixing to obtain maximum commercial characteristics

BLENDING

Petroleum Refining
GAS
C1-C4 bp < 50 oF C5 - C ? bp 50-200oF C? - C12 bp 200-400oF

CRUDE

DESALTER

FURNACE

T O W E R

LIGHT NAPHTHA HEAVY NAPHTHA KEROSENE

C12 - C16 bp 400-500oF C15 - C18 bp 500-650oC > C20 bp >650oF

ATM. GAS OIL

RESIDUUM

Distillation separation by boiling point

Petroleum Reforming
GAS FUEL GAS TREATER GASOLINE HEAVY NAPHTHA KEROSENE
HYDROTREATER

T O W E R

LIGHT NAPHTHA

REFORMER

AROMATIC EXTRACTION

HYDROTREATER

AROMATICS JET FUELS/KEROSENE CATALYTIC CRACKER

ATM. GAS OIL

HYDROTREATER

DIESEL & FUEL OILS

RESIDUUM VACUUM GAS OIL Vacuum Distillation LUBRICATING OIL ASPHALT COKER COKE CATALYTIC CRACKER

Conversion Reactions
THERMAL

CRACK

C7H15.C15H30.C7H15

C7H16 +
gasoline

C7H14 +

C15H30
recycle

gasoline additive

CATALYTIC

ALKYLATION

CH3CH2CH3

CH2 CH

CH2 CH3

CH3CH2CH2

CH2CH2CH2CH3

COMBINE
82% 18% H CH2 C CH2 H3C CH3 CH3 C CH C CH3 CH3 CH3

POLYMERIZATION

CH3 H3C C CH2 H3C C CH2 H3C C CH3 CH3

CH3

REFORMIING

Dehydrogenation Dehydroisomerization Isomerization

REARRANGE
ISOMERIZATION

Dehydrocyclization Hydrocracking

Catalytic Reforming Conversion Reactions

Dehydrogenation of cycloalkanes to aromatics CH3 CH3 3H2

Dehydroisomerization of cyclopentanes to aromatics CH3 3H2 Isomerization of alkanes CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 Dehdrocyclization of alkanes H3C CH CH2 CH3

CH3 4 H2

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Hydrocracking of alkanes

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH3