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CE 579: STRUCTRAL STABILITY AND DESIGN

Amit H. Varma
Assistant Professor
School of Civil Engineering
Purdue University
Ph. No. (765) 496 3419
Email: ahvarma@purdue.edu
Office hours: M-W-F 9:00-11:30 a.m.
Chapter 1. Introduction to Structural Stability
OUTLINE
Definition of stability
Types of instability
Methods of stability analyses
Examples small deflection analyses
Examples large deflection analyses
Examples imperfect systems
Design of steel structures
STABILITY DEFINITION
Change in geometry of a structure or structural component
under compression resulting in loss of ability to resist loading
is defined as instability in the book.
Instability can lead to catastrophic failure must be accounted
in design. Instability is a strength-related limit state.
Why did we define instability instead of stability? Seem strange!
Stability is not easy to define.
Every structure is in equilibrium static or dynamic. If it is not in
equilibrium, the body will be in motion or a mechanism.
A mechanism cannot resist loads and is of no use to the civil
engineer.
Stability qualifies the state of equilibrium of a structure. Whether it
is in stable or unstable equilibrium.

STABILITY DEFINITION
Structure is in stable equilibrium when small perturbations do
not cause large movements like a mechanism. Structure
vibrates about it equilibrium position.
Structure is in unstable equilibrium when small perturbations
produce large movements and the structure never returns to
its original equilibrium position.
Structure is in neutral equilibrium when we cant decide whether
it is in stable or unstable equilibrium. Small perturbation cause
large movements but the structure can be brought back to its
original equilibrium position with no work.
Thus, stability talks about the equilibrium state of the structure.
The definition of stability had nothing to do with a change in the
geometry of the structure under compression seems strange!

STABILITY DEFINITION

BUCKLING Vs. STABILITY
Change in geometry of structure under compression that
results in its ability to resist loads called instability.
Not true this is called buckling.
Buckling is a phenomenon that can occur for structures under
compressive loads.
The structure deforms and is in stable equilibrium in state-1.
As the load increases, the structure suddenly changes to
deformation state-2 at some critical load P
cr
.
The structure buckles from state-1 to state-2, where state-2 is
orthogonal (has nothing to do, or independent) with state-1.
What has buckling to do with stability?
The question is - Is the equilibrium in state-2 stable or unstable?
Usually, state-2 after buckling is either neutral or unstable
equilibrium
BUCKLING
P=P
cr

P
P<P
cr

P
P
o
P>P
cr

P
o
BUCKLING Vs. STABILITY
Thus, there are two topics we will be interested in this course
Buckling Sudden change in deformation from state-1 to state-2
Stability of equilibrium As the loads acting on the structure are
increased, when does the equilibrium state become unstable?
The equilibrium state becomes unstable due to:
Large deformations of the structure
Inelasticity of the structural materials
We will look at both of these topics for
Columns
Beams
Beam-Columns
Structural Frames

TYPES OF INSTABILITY
Structure subjected to compressive forces can undergo:
1. Buckling bifurcation of equilibrium from deformation state-1 to
state-2.
Bifurcation buckling occurs for columns, beams, and symmetric
frames under gravity loads only
2. Failure due to instability of equilibrium state-1 due to large
deformations or material inelasticity
Elastic instability occurs for beam-columns, and frames subjected
to gravity and lateral loads.
Inelastic instability can occur for all members and the frame.
We will study all of this in this course because we dont want
our designed structure to buckle or fail by instability both of
which are strength limit states.

TYPES OF INSTABILITY
BIFURCATION BUCKLING
Member or structure subjected to loads. As the load is
increased, it reaches a critical value where:
The deformation changes suddenly from state-1 to state-2.
And, the equilibrium load-deformation path bifurcates.
Critical buckling load when the load-deformation path bifurcates
Primary load-deformation path before buckling
Secondary load-deformation path post buckling
Is the post-buckling path stable or unstable?


SYMMETRIC BIFURCATION
Post-buckling load-deform. paths are symmetric about load axis.
If the load capacity increases after buckling then stable symmetric
bifurcation.
If the load capacity decreases after buckling then unstable
symmetric bifurcation.
ASYMMETRIC BIFURCATION
Post-buckling behavior that is asymmetric about load axis.
INSTABILITY FAILURE
There is no bifurcation of the load-deformation path. The
deformation stays in state-1 throughout
The structure stiffness decreases as the loads are increased.
The change is stiffness is due to large deformations and / or
material inelasticity.
The structure stiffness decreases to zero and becomes negative.
The load capacity is reached when the stiffness becomes zero.
Neutral equilibrium when stiffness becomes zero and unstable
equilibrium when stiffness is negative.
Structural stability failure when stiffness becomes negative.
INSTABILITY FAILURE
FAILURE OF BEAM-COLUMNS
P
P
M
M
o
K
K=0
K<0
M
o
No bifurcation.
Instability due to material
and geometric nonlinearity
INSTABILITY FAILURE
Snap-through buckling

P
o
Snap-through
INSTABILITY FAILURE
Shell Buckling failure very sensitive to imperfections
Chapter 1. Introduction to Structural Stability
OUTLINE
Definition of stability
Types of instability
Methods of stability analyses
Examples small deflection analyses
Examples large deflection analyses
Examples imperfect systems
Design of steel structures
METHODS OF STABILITY ANALYSES
Bifurcation approach consists of writing the equation of
equilibrium and solving it to determine the onset of buckling.
Energy approach consists of writing the equation expressing
the complete potential energy of the system. Analyzing this total
potential energy to establish equilibrium and examine stability of
the equilibrium state.
Dynamic approach consists of writing the equation of dynamic
equilibrium of the system. Solving the equation to determine the
natural frequency (e) of the system. Instability corresponds to
the reduction of e to zero.
STABILITY ANALYSES
Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. In fact,
you can use different methods to answer different questions
The bifurcation approach is appropriate for determining the
critical buckling load for a (perfect) system subjected to loads.
The deformations are usually assumed to be small.
The system must not have any imperfections.
It cannot provide any information regarding the post-buckling load-
deformation path.
The energy approach is the best when establishing the
equilibrium equation and examining its stability
The deformations can be small or large.
The system can have imperfections.
It provides information regarding the post-buckling path if large
deformations are assumed
The major limitation is that it requires the assumption of the
deformation state, and it should include all possible degrees of
freedom.
STABILITY ANALYSIS
The dynamic method is very powerful, but we will not use it in this class
at all.
Remember, it though when you take the course in dynamics or earthquake
engineering
In this class, you will learn that the loads acting on a structure change its
stiffness. This is significant you have not seen it before.





What happens when an axial load is acting on the beam.
The stiffness will no longer remain 4EI/L and 2EI/L.
Instead, it will decrease. The reduced stiffness will reduce the
natural frequency and period elongation.
You will see these in your dynamics and earthquake engineering
class.
u
a

M
a

M
b

b b a a
L
I E
M
L
I E
M u u
2 4
= =
P
STABILITY ANALYSIS
FOR ANY KIND OF BUCKLING OR STABILITY ANALYSIS
NEED TO DRAW THE FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF THE DEFORMED
STRUCTURE.
WRITE THE EQUATION OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM IN THE
DEFORMED STATE
WRITE THE ENERGY EQUATION IN THE DEFORMED STATE
TOO.
THIS IS CENTRAL TO THE TOPIC OF STABILITY ANALYSIS
NO STABILITY ANALYSIS CAN BE PERFORMED IF THE FREE
BODY DIAGRAM IS IN THE UNDEFORMED STATE
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Always a small deflection analysis
To determine P
cr
buckling load
Need to assume buckled shape (state 2) to calculate
Example 1 Rigid bar supported by rotational spring



Step 1 - Assume a deformed shape that activates all possible d.o.f.

Rigid bar subjected to axial force P
Rotationally restrained at end
P
k
L
u
L
P
L cosu
L (1-cosu)
ku
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS



Write the equation of static equilibrium in the deformed state





Thus, the structure will be in static equilibrium in the deformed state
when P = P
cr
= k/L
When P<P
cr
, the structure will not be in the deformed state. The
structure will buckle into the deformed state when P=P
cr

L (1-cosu)
u
L
P
L cosu
ku
L sinu
L
k
L
k
P
ns def ormatio small For
L
k
P
L P k M
cr
o
= =
=
=
= + =

u
u
u u
u
u
u u
sin
sin
0 sin 0
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
P
k
L
P
L
u
L (1-cosu)
L cosu
L sinu
k L sinu
O
Example 2 - Rigid bar supported by translational spring at end
Assume deformed state that activates all possible d.o.f.
Draw FBD in the deformed state
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Write equations of static equilibrium in deformed state
P
L
u
L (1-cosu)
L cosu
L sinu
k L sinu
O
L k
L
L k
P
ns def ormatio small For
L
L k
P
L P L L k M
cr
o
= =
=
=
= + =

u
u
u u
u
u
u u
2
2
sin
sin
sin
0 sin ) sin ( 0
Thus, the structure will be in static equilibrium in the deformed state
when P = P
cr
= k L. When P<Pcr, the structure will not be in the deformed
state. The structure will buckle into the deformed state when P=P
cr
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Example 3 Three rigid bar system with two rotational springs
P
P
A
B C
D
k
k
L L L
Assume deformed state that activates all possible d.o.f.
Draw FBD in the deformed state
P
P
A
D
k
k
L
L
u
1

u
2

L sin u
1

L sin u
2

B
C
(u
1
u
2
)
(u
1
u
2
)
Assume small deformations. Therefore, sinu=u
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Write equations of static equilibrium in deformed state
P
P
A
D
k
k
L
L
u
1

u
2

L sin u
1

L sin u
2

B
C
(u
1
u
2
)
(u
1
u
2
)
P
A
L
u
1

B
L sin u
1

u
1
+(u
1
-u
2
)
0 ) 2 ( 0 sin ) 2 ( 0
1 2 1 1 2 1
= = =

u u u u u u L P k L P k M
B
k(2u
1
-u
2
)
P
D
k
L
u
2

L sin u
2

C
u
2
(u
1
u
2
)
k(2u
2
-u
1
)
0 ) 2 ( 0 sin ) 2 ( 0
2 1 2 2 1 2
= + = + =

u u u u u u L P k L P k M
C
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Equations of Static Equilibrium


Therefore either u
1
and u
2
are equal to zero or the determinant of the
coefficient matrix is equal to zero.
When u
1
and u
2
are not equal to zero that is when buckling occurs
the coefficient matrix determinant has to be equal to zero for equil.
Take a look at the matrix equation. It is of the form [A] {x}={0}. It can
also be rewritten as ([K]-[I]){x}={0}
)
`

=
)
`

0
0
2
2
2
1
u
u
PL k k
k PL k 0 ) 2 (
1 2 1
= u u u L P k
0 ) 2 (
2 1 2
= + u u u L P k
)
`

=
)
`

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

(
(
(

0
0
1 0
0 1
2
2
2
1
u
u
P
L
k
L
k
L
k
L
k
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
This is the classical eigenvalue problem. ([K]-[I]){x}={0}.
We are searching for the eigenvalues () of the stiffness matrix [K].
These eigenvalues cause the stiffness matrix to become singular
Singular stiffness matrix means that it has a zero value, which means that
the determinant of the matrix is equal to zero.










Smallest value of P
cr
will govern. Therefore, P
cr
=k/L
L
k
or
L
k
P
PL k PL k
k PL k k PL k
k PL k
PL k k
k PL k
cr
3
0 ) ( ) 3 (
0 ) 2 ( ) 2 (
0 ) 2 (
0
2
2
2 2
=
= -
= - +
=
=


BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Each eigenvalue or critical buckling load (P
cr
) corresponds to a buckling shape
that can be determined as follows
P
cr
=k/L. Therefore substitute in the equations to determine u
1
and u
2







All we could find is the relationship between u
1
and u
2
. Not their specific
values. Remember that this is a small deflection analysis. So, the values are
negligible. What we have found is the buckling shape not its magnitude.
The buckling mode is such that u
1
=u
2
Symmetric buckling mode

2 1
2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
0
0 ) 2 (
0 ) 2 (
u u
u u
u u u
u u u
=
=
=
= =
=
k k
k k
L
k
P P Let
L P k
cr
P
P
A
D
k
k
L
L
u
1
u
2
=u
1
B C
2 1
2 1
2 1 2
2 1 2
0
0 ) 2 (
0 ) 2 (
u u
u u
u u u
u u u
=
=
= +
= =
= +
k k
k k
L
k
P P Let
L P k
cr
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Second eigenvalue was P
cr
=3k/L. Therefore substitute in the equations to
determine u
1
and u
2







All we could find is the relationship between u
1
and u
2
. Not their specific
values. Remember that this is a small deflection analysis. So, the values are
negligible. What we have found is the buckling shape not its magnitude.
The buckling mode is such that u
1
=-u
2
Antisymmetric buckling mode

2 1
2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
0
0 3 ) 2 (
3
0 ) 2 (
u u
u u
u u u
u u u
=
=
=
= =
=
k k
k k
L
k
P P Let
L P k
cr
P
P
A
D
k
k
L
L
u
1

u
2
=-u
1
B
C
2 1
2 1
2 1 2
2 1 2
0
0 3 ) 2 (
3
0 ) 2 (
u u
u u
u u u
u u u
=
= +
= +
= =
= +
k k
k k
L
k
P P Let
L P k
cr
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Homework No. 1
Problem 1.1
Problem 1.3
Problem 1.4
All problems from the textbook on Stability by W.F. Chen
Chapter 1. Introduction to Structural Stability
OUTLINE
Definition of stability
Types of instability
Methods of stability analyses
Bifurcation analysis examples small deflection analyses
Energy method
Examples small deflection analyses
Examples large deflection analyses
Examples imperfect systems
Design of steel structures
ENERGY METHOD
We will currently look at the use of the energy method for an
elastic system subjected to conservative forces.
Total potential energy of the system H depends on the work
done by the external forces (W
e
) and the strain energy stored in
the system (U).
H = U - W
e
.
For the system to be in equilibrium, its total potential energy H
must be stationary. That is, the first derivative of H must be
equal to zero.
Investigate higher order derivatives of the total potential energy
to examine the stability of the equilibrium state, i.e., whether the
equilibrium is stable or unstable
ENERGY METHD
The energy method is the best for establishing the equilibrium
equation and examining its stability
The deformations can be small or large.
The system can have imperfections.
It provides information regarding the post-buckling path if large
deformations are assumed
The major limitation is that it requires the assumption of the
deformation state, and it should include all possible degrees of
freedom.
ENERGY METHOD
Example 1 Rigid bar supported by rotational spring
Assume small deflection theory



Step 1 - Assume a deformed shape that activates all possible d.o.f.

Rigid bar subjected to axial force P
Rotationally restrained at end
P
k
L
u
L
P
L cosu
L (1-cosu)
ku
ENERGY METHOD SMALL DEFLECTIONS



Write the equation representing the total potential energy of system







L (1-cosu)
u
L
P
L cosu
ku
L sinu
L
k
P Theref ore
L P k s def lection small For
L P k Theref ore
d
d
m equilibriu For
L P k
d
d
L P k
L P W
k U
W U
cr
e
e
=
=
=
=
[
=
[
= [
=
=
= [
,
0 ;
0 sin ,
0 ;
sin
) cos 1 (
2
1
) cos 1 (
2
1
2
2
u u
u u
u
u u
u
u u
u
u
ENERGY METHOD SMALL DEFLECTIONS
The energy method predicts that buckling will occur at the same load
P
cr
as the bifurcation analysis method.
At P
cr
, the system will be in equilibrium in the deformed.
Examine the stability by considering further derivatives of the total
potential energy
This is a small deflection analysis. Hence u will be zero.
In this type of analysis, the further derivatives of H examine the stability of
the initial state-1 (when u =0)







PL k
d
d
L P k L P k
d
d
L P k
=
[
= =
[
= [
2
2
2
sin
) cos 1 (
2
1
u
u u u u
u
u u
sure Not
d
d
P P When
m equilibriu Unstable
d
d
P P When
m equilibriu Stable
d
d
P P When
cr
cr
cr
=
[
=
<
[
>
>
[
<
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
u
u
u
ENERGY METHOD SMALL DEFLECTIONS
In state-1, stable when P<P
cr
, unstable when P>P
cr

No idea about state during buckling.
No idea about post-buckling equilibrium path or its stability.
P
cr

u
P
Stable
Unstable
Indeterminate
ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Example 1 Large deflection analysis (rigid bar with rotational spring)










L (1-cosu)
u
L
P
L cosu
ku
L sinu
above given is ip relationsh P buckling post The
m equilibriu f or
L
k
P Theref ore
L P k Theref ore
d
d
m equilibriu For
L P k
d
d
L P k
L P W
k U
W U
e
e
u
u
u
u u
u
u u
u
u u
u
u

=
=
=
[
=
[
= [
=
=
= [
sin
,
0 sin ,
0 ;
sin
) cos 1 (
2
1
) cos 1 (
2
1
2
2
ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Large deflection analysis
See the post-buckling load-displacement path shown below
The load carrying capacity increases after buckling at P
cr

P
cr
is where u 0
Rigid bar with rotational spring
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation u
L
o
a
d

P
/
P
c
r

u0=0
u
u
u
u
sin
sin
=
=
cr
P
P
m equilibriu for
L
k
P
ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Large deflection analysis Examine the stability of equilibrium using
higher order derivatives of H

0 0 ,
) ., . ( 0
)
tan
1 (
cos
sin
sin
,
cos
sin
) cos 1 (
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
[

>
[

=
[

=
[

=
=
[
=
[
= [
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u u
u
u u
f or
d
d
But
STABLE Always
of values all e i Always
d
d
k
d
d
L
L
k
k
d
d
L
k
P But
L P k
d
d
L P k
d
d
L P k
ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS
At u =0, the second derivative of H=0. Therefore, inconclusive.
Consider the Taylor series expansion of H at u=0


Determine the first non-zero term of H,






Since the first non-zero term is > 0, the state is stable at P=P
cr
and u=0
n
n
n
d
d
n d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u u u u
u
u
0
4
0
4
4
3
0
3
3
2
0
2
2
0
0
!
1
.....
! 4
1
! 3
1
! 2
1
= = = =
=
=
[
+ +
[
+
[
+
[
+
[
+ [ = [
u
u
u
u
u
u
u u
u
u u
cos
sin
cos
sin
) cos 1 (
2
1
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
L P
d
d
L P
d
d
L P k
d
d
L P k
d
d
L P k
=
[
=
[
=
[
=
[
= [
k PL L P
d
d
L P
d
d
d
d
d
d
= = =
[
= =
[
=
[
=
[
= [
=
=
=
=
=
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
cos
0 sin
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
3
3
0
2
2
0
0
0
24
1
! 4
1
4 4
0
4
4
> =
[

=
u u
u
u
k
d
d
ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS

Rigid bar with rotational spring
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation u
L
o
a
d

P
/
P
c
r

u0=0
STABLE
STABLE
STABLE
ENERGY METHOD IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
Consider example 1 but as a system with imperfections
The initial imperfection given by the angle u
0
as shown below




The free body diagram of the deformed system is shown below
P
k L u
0

L cos(u
0
)
L (cosu
0
-cosu)
L
P
L cosu
k(uu
0
) L sinu
u
u
0

ENERGY METHOD IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
above given is ip relationsh P m equilibriu The
m equilibriu f or
L
k
P Theref ore
L P k Theref ore
d
d
m equilibriu For
L P k
d
d
L P k
L P W
k U
W U
e
e
u
u
u u
u u u
u
u u u
u
u u u u
u u
u u

=
=
=
[
=
[
= [
=
=
= [
sin
) (
,
0 sin ) ( ,
0 ;
sin ) (
) cos (cos ) (
2
1
) cos (cos
) (
2
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
L (cosu
0
-cosu)
L
P
L cosu
k(uu
0
) L sinu
u
u
0

Rigid bar with rotational spring
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation u
L
o
a
d

P
/
P
c
r

u0=0 u0=0.05 u0=0.1 u0=0.2 u0=0.3
ENERGY METHOD IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
:
sin sin
) (
0
0 0
below shown of values different for ips relationsh P
P
P
L
k
P
cr
u u
u
u u
u
u u

=
ENERGY METHODS IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
As shown in the figure, deflection starts as soon as loads are
applied. There is no bifurcation of load-deformation path for
imperfect systems. The load-deformation path remains in the
same state through-out.
The smaller the imperfection magnitude, the close the load-
deformation paths to the perfect system load deformation path
The magnitude of load, is influenced significantly by the
imperfection magnitude.
All real systems have imperfections. They may be very small but
will be there
The magnitude of imperfection is not easy to know or guess.
Hence if a perfect system analysis is done, the results will be
close for an imperfect system with small imperfections
ENERGY METHODS IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
Examine the stability of the imperfect system using higher order
derivatives of H








Which is always true, hence always in STABLE EQUILIBRIUM
u u u
u u
u u
u
u
u
u
u
u u u
u
u u u u
tan ., .
cos sin
) (
., .
cos
., .
0 cos ., .
0
cos
sin ) (
) cos (cos ) (
2
1
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
0
<
<

<
>
>
[

=
[
=
[
= [
e i
L
k
L
k
if e i
L
k
P if e i
L P k if e i
d
d
if
stable be will path m Equilibriu
L P k
d
d
L P k
d
d
L P k
ENERGY METHOD SMALL DEFLECTIONS
P
k
L
P
L
u
L (1-cosu)
L cosu
L sinu
k L sinu
O
Example 2 - Rigid bar supported by translational spring at end
Assume deformed state that activates all possible d.o.f.
Draw FBD in the deformed state
ENERGY METHOD SMALL DEFLECTIONS
Write the equation representing the total potential energy of system
P
L
u
L (1-cosu)
L cosu
L sinu
k L sinu
O
L k P Theref ore
L P L k s def lection small For
L P L k Theref ore
d
d
m equilibriu For
L P L k
d
d
L P L k
L P W
L k L k U
W U
cr
e
e
=
=
=
=
[
=
[
= [
=
= =
= [
,
0 ;
0 sin ,
0 ;
sin
) cos 1 (
2
1
) cos 1 (
2
1
) sin (
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
u u
u u
u
u u
u
u u
u
u u
ENERGY METHOD SMALL DEFLECTIONS
The energy method predicts that buckling will occur at the same
load P
cr
as the bifurcation analysis method.
At P
cr
, the system will be in equilibrium in the deformed.
Examine the stability by considering further derivatives of the
total potential energy
This is a small deflection analysis. Hence u will be zero.
In this type of analysis, the further derivatives of H examine the
stability of the initial state-1 (when u =0)
L P L k
d
d
and s def lection small For
L P L k
d
d
L P L k
d
d
L P L k
=
[
=
=
[
=
[
= [
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
0
cos
sin
) cos 1 (
2
1
u
u
u
u
u u
u
u u
ATE INDETERMIN
d
d
kL P When
UNSTABLE
d
d
L k P When
STABLE
d
d
L k P When
=
[
=
<
[
>
>
[
<
0
0 ,
0 ,
2
2
2
2
2
2
u
u
u
ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS
above given is ip relationsh P buckling post The
m equilibriu f or L k P Theref ore
L P L k Theref ore
d
d
m equilibriu For
L P L k
d
d
L P L k
L P W
L k U
W U
e
e
u
u
u u u
u
u u u
u
u u
u
u

=
=
=
[
=
[
= [
=
=
= [
cos ,
0 sin cos sin ,
0 ;
sin cos sin
) cos 1 ( sin
2
1
) cos 1 (
) sin (
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
P
L
u
L (1-cosu)
L cosu
L sinu
O
Write the equation representing the total potential energy of system
ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Large deflection analysis
See the post-buckling load-displacement path shown below
The load carrying capacity decreases after buckling at P
cr

P
cr
is where u 0

Rigid bar with translational spring
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation u
L
o
a
d

P
/
P
c
r

u0=0
u
u
cos
cos
=
=
cr
P
P
m equilibriu for L k P
ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Large deflection analysis Examine the stability of equilibrium using
higher order derivatives of H

UNSTABLE HENCE ALWAYS
d
d
L k
d
d
L k L k
d
d
L k L k
d
d
L k P m equilibriu For
L P L k
d
d
L P L k
d
d
L P L k
. 0
sin
cos ) sin (cos
cos 2 cos
cos
cos 2 cos
sin cos sin
) cos 1 ( sin
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
<
[

=
[

=
[

=
[

=
=
[
=
[
= [
u
u
u
u u u
u
u u
u
u
u u
u
u u u
u
u u
ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS
At u =0, the second derivative of H=0. Therefore, inconclusive.
Consider the Taylor series expansion of H at u=0


Determine the first non-zero term of H,






Since the first non-zero term is < 0, the state is unstable at P=P
cr
and u=0
n
n
n
d
d
n d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u u u u
u
u
0
4
0
4
4
3
0
3
3
2
0
2
2
0
0
!
1
.....
! 4
1
! 3
1
! 2
1
= = = =
=
=
[
+ +
[
+
[
+
[
+
[
+ [ = [
0 sin 2 sin 2
0 cos 2 cos
0 sin 2 sin
2
1
0 ) cos 1 ( sin
2
1
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2 2
= + =
[
= =
[
= =
[
= = [
u u
u
u u
u
u u
u
u u
L P L k
d
d
L P L k
d
d
L P L k
d
d
L P L k
occurs buckling when at UNSTABLE
d
d
L k L k L k
d
d
L P L k
d
d
0
0
3 4
cos 2 cos 4
4
4
2 2 2
4
4
2
4
4
=
<
[

= + =
[

+ =
[
u
u
u
u u
u
ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS

Rigid bar with translational spring
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation u
L
o
a
d

P
/
P
c
r

u0=0
UNSTABLE
UNSTABLE
UNSTABLE
ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS
Consider example 2 but as a system with imperfections
The initial imperfection given by the angle u
0
as shown below




The free body diagram of the deformed system is shown below

P
k
L cos(u
0
)
L u
0

P
L
u
L (cosu
0
-cosu)
L cosu
L sinu
O
u
0

L sinu
0

ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS
above given is ip relationsh P m equilibriu The
m equilibriu f or L k P Theref ore
L P L k Theref ore
d
d
m equilibriu For
L P L k
d
d
L P L k
L P W
L k U
W U
e
e
u
u
u
u
u u u u
u
u u u u
u
u u u u
u u
u u

=
=
=
[
=
[
= [
=
=
= [
)
sin
sin
1 ( cos ,
0 sin cos ) sin (sin ,
0 ;
sin cos ) sin (sin
) cos (cos ) sin (sin
2
1
) cos (cos
) sin (sin
2
1
0
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
P
L
u
L (cosu
0
-cosu)
L cosu
L sinu
O
u
0

L sinu
0

u
u u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
3
max
3
0
2
0
max
0 0
cos
sin sin 0 )
sin
sin
sin ( 0
)
sin
sin
1 ( cos )
sin
sin
1 ( cos
L k P
L k
d
dP
P
P
P
L k P
cr
=
= = + =
= =
ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS
Rigid bar with translational spring
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation u
L
o
a
d

P
/
P
c
r

u0=0 u0=0.05 u0=0.1 u0=0.2 u0=0.3
Envelope of peak
loads P
max

ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS
As shown in the figure, deflection starts as soon as loads are
applied. There is no bifurcation of load-deformation path for
imperfect systems. The load-deformation path remains in the
same state through-out.
The smaller the imperfection magnitude, the close the load-
deformation paths to the perfect system load deformation path.
The magnitude of load, is influenced significantly by the
imperfection magnitude.
All real systems have imperfections. They may be very small but
will be there
The magnitude of imperfection is not easy to know or guess.
Hence if a perfect system analysis is done, the results will be
close for an imperfect system with small imperfections.
However, for an unstable system the effects of imperfections
may be too large.
ENERGY METHODS IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
Examine the stability of the imperfect system using higher order
derivatives of H








|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
[
=
[
= [
u
u
u u u u
u
u u u u
u
u u u u
sin
sin
1
cos ) sin sin 2 (cos
sin cos ) sin (sin
) cos (cos ) sin (sin
2
1
0
0
2
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
L k P m equilibriu For
L P L k
d
d
L P L k
d
d
L P L k
(

+
=
[

+ +
=
[

+ + =
[

+ + =
[

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
[

u
u u
u
u
u u u u
u
u
u u
u u u
u
u
u u
u u u u u
u
u
u
u
u u u
u
sin
sin sin
sin
) cos (sin sin sin
sin
cos sin
sin sin sin
sin
cos sin
cos sin sin sin cos
cos
sin
sin
1 ) sin sin 2 (cos
0
3
2
2
2
2 2
0
3
2
2
2
2
0
0
2 2
2
2
2
0 2
0
2 2 2
2
2
2 0 2
0
2
2
2
L k
d
d
L k
d
d
L k
d
d
L k
d
d
L k L k
d
d
0
sin
sin sin
sin sin
sin 1
sin
sin
1
cos
sin
sin
1
cos )
sin
sin
1 ( cos
cos )
sin
sin
1 ( cos
3
0 2
2
2
3
0
2 0
2 0
3 0
max
3
max
0
>
(


=
[
>
<
<
<
<
= =
u
u u
u
u u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
L k
d
d
and
L k L k
P P When
L k P and L k P
ENERGY METHOD IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
Unstable P P when
d
d
Stable P P when
d
d
L k
d
d
> <
[
< >
[
(

+
=
[
max
2
2
max
2
2
0
3
2
2
2
0
0
sin
sin sin
u
u
u
u u
u
0
sin
sin sin
sin sin
sin 1
sin
sin
1
cos
sin
sin
1
cos )
sin
sin
1 ( cos
3
0 2
2
2
3
0
2 0
2 0
3 0
max
<
(


=
[
<
>
>
>
>
u
u u
u
u u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
L k
d
d
and
L k L k
P P When
Chapter 2. Second-Order Differential Equations
This chapter focuses on deriving second-order differential
equations governing the behavior of elastic members
2.1 First order differential equations
2.2 Second-order differential equations
2.1 First-Order Differential Equations
Governing the behavior of structural members
Elastic, Homogenous, and Isotropic
Strains and deformations are really small small deflection theory
Equations of equilibrium in undeformed state
Consider the behavior of a beam subjected to bending and axial
forces
2.1 First-Order Differential Equations
Assume tensile forces are positive and moments are positive
according to the right-hand rule
Longitudinal stress due to bending


This is true when the x-y axis system is
a centroidal and principal axis system.

x
I
M
y
I
M
A
P
y
y
x
x
+ = o
x
I
M
y
I
M
A
P
y
y
x
x
+ = o
inertia of moment principal are I and I
I dA y I dA x A dA
axis Centroidal dA y x dA x dA y
y x
x
A
y
A A
A A A
= = =
= = =
} } }
} } }
2 2
; ;
0
2.1 First-Order Differential Equations
The corresponding strain is

If P=M
y
=0, then
Plane-sections remain plane and perpendicular
to centroidal axis before and after bending
The measure of bending is curvature | which
denotes the change in the slope of the
centroidal axis between two point dz apart



x
I E
M
y
I E
M
E A
P
y
y
x
x
+ = c
y
I E
M
x
x
= c
x y y y x x
x
x
y
y
y y
y
I E M similarly and I E M
I E
M
y
ns def ormatio small For
y
| |
|
c
|
| |
c
|
= =
=
=
~
=
tan
tan
2.1 First-Order Differential Equations
Shear Stresses due to bending
}
}
=
=
s
O y
x
s
O x
y
ds t x
I
V
t
ds t y
I
V
t
t
t
2.1 First-Order Differential Equations
Differential equations of bending
Assume principle of superposition
Treat forces and deformations in y-z and x-z
plane seperately
Both the end shears and q
y
act in a plane
parallel to the y-z plane through the shear
center S
y y x
y
y x
y
x
y
x
y
y
q I E
q
dz
I E d
q
dz
M d
V
dz
dM
q
dz
dV
= ' '
=
=
=
=
|
|
2
2
2
2
) (
2.1 First-Order Differential Equations
Differential equations of bending









Fourth-order differential equations using first-
order force-deformation theory

| |
direction y positive in def lection v
direction x positive in def lection u
q u I E Similarly
q v I E
v
s def lection small For
v
v
q I E
x
iv
y
y
iv
x
y
y
y y x

=
=
' ' =
' +
' '
=
= ' '
|
|
|
2 / 3
2
) ( 1
Torsion behavior Pure and Warping Torsion
Torsion behavior uncoupled from bending behavior
Thin walled open cross-section subjected to torsional moment
This moment will cause twisting and warping of the cross-section.
The cross-section will undergo pure and warping torsion behavior.
Pure torsion will produce only shear stresses in the section
Warping torsion will produce both longitudinal and shear stresses
The internal moment produced by the pure torsion response will be
equal to M
sv
and the internal moment produced by the warping
torsion response will be equal to M
w
.
The external moment will be equilibriated by the produced internal
moments
M
Z
=M
SV
+ M
W

Pure and Warping Torsion
M
Z
=M
SV
+ M
W

Where,
M
SV
= G K
T
| and M
W
= - E I
w
|"
M
SV
= Pure or Saint Venants torsion moment
K
T
= J = Torsional constant =
| is the angle of twist of the cross-section. It is a function of z.
I
W
is the warping moment of inertia of the cross-section. This is
a new cross-sectional property you may not have seen before.
M
Z
= G K
T
| - E I
w
|" (3), differential equation of torsion
Lets look closely at pure or Saint Venants torsion. This occurs when
the warping of the cross-section is unrestrained or absent








For a circular cross-section warping is absent. For thin-walled open
cross-sections, warping will occur.
The out of plane warping deformation w can be calculated using an
equation I will not show.
Pure Torsion Differential Equation
}
} }
= =
' =
' = =
' =
' = =
=
A
T
T SV
A A
SV
dA r J K where
K G M
dA r G dA r M
r G
r
dz
d
r
d r dz
2
2
,
|
| t
| t
|
|

|
The torsional shear stresses vary linearly about the center of the thin plate






Pure Torsion Stresses
( ) | t
| t
' =
' =
t G
r G
SV
SV
max
t
sv
Warping deformations
The warping produced by pure torsion can be restrained by the:
(a) end conditions, or (b) variation in the applied torsional
moment (non-uniform moment)
The restraint to out-of-plane warping deformations will produce
longitudinal stresses (o
w
) , and their variation along the length
will produce warping shear stresses (t
w
) .
Warping Torsion Differential Equation
property tion new inertia of moment warping is I where
I E M
h
I E M
h u I E M
h V M
V u I E
bending of e d borrowing M u I E
f lange the in f orce Shear V
f lange the in moment M
nt displaceme lateral f lange u where
h
u
W
W W
f W
f f W
f W
f f f
f f f
f
f
f
f
sec
2
. .
2
2

' ' ' =


' ' ' =
' ' ' =
=
= ' ' '
= ' '
=
=
=
=
|
|
|

Lets take a look at an approximate derivation of the warping
torsion differential equation.
This is valid only for I and C shaped sections.
Torsion Differential Equation Solution
Torsion differential equation M
Z
=M
SV
+M
W
= G K
T
|- E I
W
|

This differential equation is for the case of concentrated torque



Torsion differential equation for the case of distributed torque





The coefficients C
1
.... C
6
can be obtained using end conditions
W
Z
W
Z
W
T
Z w T
I E
M
I E
M
I E
K G
M I E K G
= ' ' ' '
= ' ' ' '
= ' ' ' '
| |
| |
| |
2
W
Z iv
W
Z
W
T iv
Z
iv
w T
Z
Z
I E
m
I E
m
I E
K G
m I E K G
dz
dM
m
= ' '
= ' '
= ' '
=
| |
| |
| |
2
W
z
I E
z M
z C z C C
2
3 2 1
sinh cosh

| + + + =
T
z
K G
z m
z C z C z C C
2
sinh cosh
2
7 6 5 4
+ + + = |
Torsion Differential Equation Solution
Torsionally fixed end conditions are given by
These imply that twisting and warping at the fixed end are fully
restrained. Therefore, equal to zero.
Torsionally pinned or simply-supported end conditions given by:

These imply that at the pinned end twisting is fully restrained (|=0) and
warping is unrestrained or free. Therefore, o
W
=0 |=0
Torsionally free end conditions given by |=| = |= 0
These imply that at the free end, the section is free to warp and there
are no warping normal or shear stresses.
Results for various torsional loading conditions given in the AISC
Design Guide 9 can be obtained from my private site

0 =
'
= | |
0 =
' '
= | |
Warping Torsion Stresses
Restraint to warping produces longitudinal and shear stresses




The variation of these stresses over the section is defined by the
section property W
n
and S
w

The variation of these stresses along the length of the beam is defined
by the derivatives of |.
Note that a major difference between bending and torsional behavior is
The stress variation along length for torsion is defined by derivatives of |,
which cannot be obtained using force equilibrium.
The stress variation along length for bending is defined by derivatives of v,
which can be obtained using force equilibrium (M, V diagrams).
operty Section Moment Statical Warping S
operty Section Warping Unit Normalized W
where
S E t
W E
W
n
W W
n W
Pr
Pr
,
=
=
' ' ' =
' ' =
| t
| o
Torsional Stresses

Torsional Stresses

Torsional Section Properties for I and C Shapes

| and derivatives for concentrated torque at midspan
Summary of first order differential equations
) 3 (
) 2 (
) 1 (



z W T
y y
x x
M I E K G
M u I E
M v I E
=
' ' '

'
=
' '
=
' '

| |
NOTES:
(1) Three uncoupled differential equations
(2) Elastic material first order force-deformation theory
(3) Small deflections only
(4) Assumes no influence of one force on other deformations
(5) Equations of equilibrium in the undeformed state.
HOMEWORK # 3
Consider the 22 ft. long simply-supported W18x65 wide flange beam
shown in Figure 1 below. It is subjected to a uniformly distributed load
of 1k/ft that is placed with an eccentricity of 3 in. with respect to the
centroid (and shear center).
At the mid-span and the end support cross-sections, calculate the
magnitude and distribution of:
Normal and shear stresses due to bending
Shear stresses due to pure torsion
Warping normal and shear stresses over the cross-section.
Provide sketches and tables of the individual normal and shear stress
distributions for each case.
Superimpose the bending and torsional stress-states to determine the
magnitude and location of maximum stresses.
HOMEWORK # 2
22 ft.
W18x65
3in.
Cross-section
Span
Chapter 2. Second-Order Differential Equations
This chapter focuses on deriving second-order differential
equations governing the behavior of elastic members
2.1 First order differential equations
2.2 Second-order differential equations
2.2 Second-Order Differential Equations
Governing the behavior of structural members
Elastic, Homogenous, and Isotropic
Strains and deformations are really small small deflection theory
Equations of equilibrium in deformed state
The deformations and internal forces are no longer independent.
They must be combined to consider effects.
Consider the behavior of a member subjected to combined axial
forces and bending moments at the ends. No torsional forces
are applied explicitly because that is very rare for CE
structures.
Member model and loading conditions
Member is initially straight and prismatic.
It has a thin-walled open cross-section
Member ends are pinned and prevented
from translation.
The forces are applied only at the
member ends
These consist only of axial and bending
moment forces P, M
TX
, M
TY
, M
BX
, M
BY
Assume elastic behavior with small
deflections
Right-hand rule for positive moments and
reactions and P assumed positive.
Member displacements (cross-sectional)
Consider the middle line of thin-
walled cross-section
x and y are principal coordinates
through centroid C
Q is any point on the middle line.
It has coordinates (x, y).
Shear center S coordinates are
(x
o
, y
0
)
Shear center S displacements
are u, v, and |
Member displacements (cross-sectional)
Displacements of Q are:
u
Q
= u + a | sin o
v
Q
= v a | cos o
where a is the distance from Q to S
But, sin o = (y
0
-y) / a
cos o = (x
0
-x) / a
Therefore, displacements of Q are:
u
Q
= u + | (y
0
-y)
v
Q
= v | (x
0
x)
Displacements of centroid C are:
u
c
= u + | (y
0
)
v
c
= v - | (x
0
)

Internal forces second-order effects
Consider the free body diagrams of
the member in the deformed state.
Look at the deformed state in the x-z
and y-z planes in this Figure.
The internal resisting moment at a
distance z from the lower end are:
M
x
= - M
BX
+ R
y
z + P v
c
M
y
= - M
BY
+ R
x
z - P u
c

The end reactions R
x
and R
y
are:
R
x
= (M
TY
+ M
BY
) / L

R
y
= (M
TX
+ M
BX
) / L
Therefore,










Internal forces second-order effects
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 BY TY BY y
0 BX TX BX x
y u P M M
L
z
M M
x v P M M
L
z
M M
|
|
+ + + =
+ + + =

Internal forces in the deformed state
x
y
z

q
,
|
u
c

v
c

In the deformed state, the cross-section is such that the principal
coordinate systems are changed from x-y-z to the q, system
x
y
z

q
,
|
u
c

v
c

P
R
x
R
y
M
Bx
M
BY
P
Mx
My
z
Ry
Rx
M

M

M

+d


a
Internal forces in the deformed state
The internal forces M
x
and M
y
must be transformed to these new q
, axes
Since the angle | is small
M

= M
x
+ | M
y

M
q
= M
y
| M
x

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + + + =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
BX TX BX 0 BY TY BY
BY TY BY 0 BX TX BX
0 BY TY BY y
0 BX TX BX x
M M
L
z
M y P u P M M
L
z
M M
M M
L
z
M x P v P M M
L
z
M M
y u P M M
L
z
M M
x v P M M
L
z
M M
|
|
|
|
q

Twisting component of internal forces


Twisting moments M
,
are produced by the internal and external
forces
There are four components contributing to the total M
,

(1) Contribution from M
x
and M
y
M
,1

(2) Contribution from axial force P M
,2

(3) Contribution from normal stress o M
,3

(4) Contribution from end reactions R
x
and R
y
M
,4

The total twisting moment M
,
= M
,1
+ M
,2
+ M
,3
+ M
,4

Twisting component 1 of 4







Twisting moment due to M
x
& M
y

M
,1
= M
x
sin (du/dz) + M
y
sin (dv/dz)
Therefore, due to small angles, M
,1
= M
x
du/dz + M
y
dv/dz
M
,1
= M
x
u + M
y
v

u
v
Twisting component 2 of 4







The axial load P acts along the original vertical direction
In the deformed state of the member, the longitudinal axis , is not
vertical. Hence P will have components producing shears.
These components will act at the centroid where P acts and will have
values as shown above assuming small angles
u v
Twisting component 2 of 4
These shears will act at the centroid C, which is eccentric with
respect to the shear center S. Therefore, they will produce
secondary twisting.





M
,2
= P (y
0
du/dz x
0
dv/dz)
Therefore, M
,2
= P (y
0
u x
0
v)

Twisting component 3 of 4
The end reactions (shears) R
x
and R
y
act at the shear center S
at the ends. But, along the member ends, the shear center will
move by u, v, and |.
Hence, these reactions will also have a twisting effect produced
by their eccentricity with respect to the shear center S.
M
,4
+ R
y
u + R
x
v = 0
Therefore,
M
,4
= (M
TY
+ M
BY
) v/L (M
TX
+ M
BX
) u/L

Twisting component 4 of 4
Wagners effect or contribution
complicated.
Two cross-sections that are d,
apart will warp with respect to
each other.
The stress element o dA will
become inclined by angle (a
d|/d,) with respect to d, axis.
Twist produced by each stress
element about S is equal to
( )
dA a
d
d
M
d
d
a dA a dM
A
2
3
3
}
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
,
|
,
|
o
,
,
Twisting component 4 of 4
angles small f or
dz
d
K M
d
d
K M
K dA a , Let
3
3
A
2

|
,
|
o
,
,
=
=
=
}
Twisting component 4 of 4
angles small f or
dz
d
K M
d
d
K M
K dA a , Let
3
3
A
2

|
,
|
o
,
,
=
=
=
}
x
y
y
x
o
o
Total Twisting Component
M
,
= M
,1
+ M
,2
+ M
,3
+ M
,4

M
,1
= M
x
u + M
y
v
M
,2
= P (y
0
u x
0
v)
M
,4
= (M
TY
+ M
BY
) v/L (M
TX
+ M
BX
) u/L
M
,3
= -K |
Therefore,
M
,
= M
x
u + M
y
v+ P (y
0
u x
0
v) (M
TY
+ M
BY
) v/L (M
TX
+ M
BX
) u/L-K
|

While,





( ) ( )
( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + + + =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + + =
BX TX BX 0 BY TY BY
BY TY BY 0 BX TX BX
M M
L
z
M y P u P M M
L
z
M M
M M
L
z
M x P v P M M
L
z
M M
|
|
q

Total Twisting Component


M
,
= M
,1
+ M
,2
+ M
,3
+ M
,4

M
,1
= M
x
u + M
y
v M
,2
= P (y
0
u x
0
v) M
,3
= -K |
M
,4
= (M
TY
+ M
BY
) v/L (M
TX
+ M
BX
) u/L
Therefore,





( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, ( ) ( )
, ( ) ( )
( ( ) ) (
x y TY BY TX BX
x y TY BY TX BX
x BX BX TX
y BY BY TY
BX BX TX BY
v u
M M u M v P y u x v M M M M K
L L
v u
M M P y u M P x v M M M M K
L L
z
But M M M M P v x
L
z
and M M M M P u y
L
z
M M M M P y u M
L
,
,
,
|
|
|
|
' ' ' ' ' = + + + +
' ' ' = + + + +
= + + +
= + + +
' = + + +
0
( ) )
( ) ( )
BY TY
TY BY TX BX
z
M M P x v
L
v u
M M M M K
L L
|
' +
' + +
Thus, now we have the internal moments about the q, axes for the
deformed member cross-section.






Internal moments about the q, axes
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
0
0 0
( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
( ) ( )
BX TX BX BY TY BY
BY TX BX BX TY BY
BX BX TX BY BY TY
TY BY TX BX
z z
M M M M P v P x M M M
L L
z z
M M M M P u P y M M M
L L
z z
M M M M P y u M M M P x v
L L
v u
M M M M K
L L

q
,
|
|
|
| |
= + + + + +
|
\ .
| |
= + + + + +
|
\ .
' ' = + + + +
' + +
x
y
z

q
,
M
TX
+M
BX
M
TY
+M
BY

Internal Moment Deformation Relations
The internal moments M

, M
q
, and M
,
will still produce flexural bending
about the centroidal principal axis and twisting about the shear center.
The flexural bending about the principal axes will produce
linearly varying longitudinal stresses.
The torsional moment will produce longitudinal and shear
stresses due to warping and pure torsion.
The differential equations relating moments to deformations are
still valid. Therefore,
M

= - E I

v ..(I

= I
x
)
M
q
= E I
q
u ..(I
q
= I
y
)
M
,
= G K
T
| E I
w
|

Internal Moment Deformation Relations
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
0
0
0
,
( ( ) )
( ( ) ) ( ) (
x BX TX BX BY TY BY
y BY TX BX BX TY BY
T w BX BX TX
BY BY TY TY BY TX
Therefore
z z
M E I v M M M P v P x M M M
L L
z z
M E I u M M M P u P y M M M
L L
z
M G K E I M M M P y u
L
z v
M M M P x v M M M
L L

q
,
|
|
| |
| |
'' = = + + + + +
|
\ .
| |
'' = = + + + + +
|
\ .
' ''' ' = = + + +
' + + + )
BX
u
M K
L
|'
M
TX
+M
BX
M
TY
+M
BY

Second-Order Differential Equations
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
0
0
0
,
( ) ( ( ) )
( ( ) ) ( ) ( ) 0
x BY TY BY BX TX BX
y BX TY BY BY TX BX
w T BX BX TX
BY BY TY TY BY TX BX
Therefore
z z
E I v P v P x M M M M M M
L L
z z
E I u P u P y M M M M M M
L L
z
E I G K K u M M M P y
L
z v u
v M M M P x M M M M
L L L
|
|
| |
| |
''
+ + + = +
|
\ .
| |
''
+ + + = + +
|
\ .
''' ' '
+ + + +
'
+ + + + + =
1
2
3
You end up with three coupled differential equations that relate
the applied forces and moments to the deformations u, v, and |.
These differential equations can be used to investigate the elastic
behavior and buckling of beams, columns, beam-columns and
also complete frames that will form a major part of this course.
M
TX
+M
BX

M
TX
+M
BX

M
TY
+M
BY

Chapter 3. Structural Columns
3.1 Elastic Buckling of Columns
3.2 Elastic Buckling of Column Systems Frames
3.3 Inelastic Buckling of Columns
3.4 Column Design Provisions (U.S. and Abroad)
3.1 Elastic Buckling of Columns
Start out with the second-order differential equations derived in
Chapter 2. Substitute P=P and M
TY
= M
BY
= M
TX
= M
BX
= 0
Therefore, the second-order differential equations simplify to:




This is all great, but before we proceed any further we need to
deal with Wagners effect which is a little complicated.
( )
( )
0
0
0 0
0
0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
x
y
w T
E I v P v P x
E I u P u P y
E I G K K u P y v P x
|
|
| |
''
+ =
''
+ =
''' ' ' '
+ + =
1
2
3
Wagners effect for columns
2
0
0
2 0 0
2 0 0
,
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
A
n
x y
n
x y A
n
x y A
K a dA
where
M y M x
P
EW
A I I
M P v x
M P u y
P v x y P u y x P
K EW a dA
A I I
P v x y P u y x P
K EW a dA
A I I
Neglecting higher order t
q

q
| o |
o |
|
|
| |
| | |
| |
| | |
' ' =
'' = + +
=
= +
(
+
' '' ' = + +
(
(

(
+
' '' ' = + +
(
(

}
}
}
2
;
A
P
erms K a dA
A
| | ' ' =
}
Wagners effect for columns
2 2 2
0 0
2 2 2
0 0
2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0
, ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
( )
,
( )
A A
A A
A A A A A A
x y
A
x y
But a x x y y
a dA x x y y dA
a dA x y x y x x y y dA
a dA x y dA x dA y dA x x dA y y dA
a dA x y A I I
Finally
P
K x y A I I
A
|
= +
= +
( = + + +

( = + + +

= + + +
' = + + +
} }
} }
} } } } } }
}
2 2
0 0
2 2 2
0 0 0
2
0
( )
( )
x y
x y
I I
K P x y
A
I I
Let r x y
A
K P r
|
| |
| |
' (

+
(
' ' = + +
(

+
(
= + +
(

' ' =
Second-order differential equations for columns
Simplify to:




Where
( )
( )
0
0
2
0 0 0
0
0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
x
y
w T
E I v P v P x
E I u P u P y
E I Pr G K u P y v P x
|
|
| |
''
+ =
''
+ + =
''' ' ' '
+ + =
1
2
3
2 2 2
0 0 0
x y
I I
r x y
A
+
= + +
Column buckling doubly symmetric section
For a doubly symmetric section, the shear center is located at the
centroid x
o
= y
0
= 0. Therefore, the three equations become uncoupled




Take two derivatives of the first two equations and one more derivative
of the third equation.









2
0
0
0
( ) 0
x
y
w T
E I v P v
E I u P u
E I Pr G K | |
''
+ =
''
+ =
''' '
+ =
1
2
3
2
0
0
0
( ) 0
iv
x
iv
y
iv
w T
E I v P v
E I u P u
E I Pr G K | |
''
+ =
''
+ =
''
+ =
1
2
3
2
2 2 2
0
,
T
v u
x y w
P r G K P P
Let F F F
E I E I E I
|

= = =
Column buckling doubly symmetric section




All three equations are similar and of the fourth order. The
solution will be of the form C
1
sin z + C
2
cos z + C
3
z + C
4
Need four boundary conditions to evaluate the constant C
1
..C
4

For the simply supported case, the boundary conditions are:
u= u=0; v= v=0; |= |=0
Lets solve one differential equation the solution will be valid for
all three.
2
2
2
0
0
0
iv
v
iv
u
iv
v F v
u F u
F
|
| |
''
+ =
''
+ =
''
+ =
1
2
3
Column buckling doubly symmetric section
2
1 2 3 4
2 2
1 2
2 4
2
1 2 3 4
2 2
1 2
0
sin cos
sin cos
:
(0) (0) ( ) ( ) 0
0 (0) 0
0 (0) 0
sin cos ( ) 0
sin
iv
v
v v
v v v v
v v
v v v
v F v
Solution is
v C F z C F z C z C
v C F F z C F F z
Boundary conditions
v v v L v L
C C v
C v
C F L C F L C L C v L
C F F L C F
'' + =
= + + +
'' =
'' '' = = = =
+ = =
'' = =
+ + + =

1
2
3
2 2
4
cos ( ) 0
0 1 0 1
0
0 1 0 0
0
sin cos 1
0
0 sin cos 0 0
v
v v
v v v v
F L v L
C
C
F L F L L
C
C F F L F F L
'' =
(

(


= (
` `
(

(
) )

2
2 2
2
2
2
0
sin 0
sin 0
1:
v v
v
v
v
x
x x
x
x
The coefficient matrix
F F L
F L
F L n
P n
F
E I L
n
P E I
L
Smallest value of n
E I
P
L
t
t
t
t
=
=
=
=
= =
=
=
=
Column buckling doubly symmetric section
2 2
2
2
2
,
sin 0
1:
u
u
u
y
y y
y
y
Similarly
F L
F L n
P n
F
E I L
n
P E I
L
E I
Smallest value of n P
L
t
t
t
t
=
=
= =
=
= =
2
0
2 2
2 2
0
2 2
2 2
0
,
sin 0
1
1:
1
T
w
w T
w T
Similarly
F L
F L n
P r G K n
F
E I L
n
P E I G K
L
r
Smallest value of n
n
P E I G K
L
r
|
|
|
|
|
t
t
t
t
=
=

= =
| |
= +
|
\ .
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
0
1
x
x
y
y
w
T
E I
P
L
E I
P
L
E I
P G K
L
r
|
t
t
t
=
=
(
= +
(

1
2
3
Summary
Column buckling doubly symmetric section
Thus, for a doubly symmetric cross-section, there are three distinct
buckling loads P
x
, P
y
, and P
z
.

The corresponding buckling modes are:
v = C
1
sin(tz/L), u =C
2
sin(tz/L), and | = C
3
sin(tz/L).

These are, flexural buckling about the x and y axes and torsional
buckling about the z axis.

As you can see, the three buckling modes are uncoupled. You must
compute all three buckling load values.

The smallest of three buckling loads will govern the buckling of the
column.
Column buckling boundary conditions
2
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
2 4
1 3
1 2 3 4
1 2
0
sin cos
cos sin
:
(0) (0) ( ) ( ) 0
0 (0) 0
0 (0) 0
sin cos ( ) 0
cos sin
iv
v
v v
v v v v
v
v v
v v v
v F v
Solution is
v C F z C F z C z C
v C F F z C F F z C
Boundary conditions
v v v L v L
C C v
C F C v
C F L C F L C L C v L
C F F L C F F
'' + =
= + + +
' = +
' ' = = = =
+ = =
' + = =
+ + + =

3
1
2
3
4
( ) 0
0 1 0 1
0
0 1 0
0
sin cos 1
0
0 cos sin 1 0
v
v
v v
v v v v
L C v L
C
F
C
F L F L L
C
C F F L F F L
' + =
(

(


= (
` `
(

(
) )

Consider the case of fix-fix boundary conditions:
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
0
sin 2cos 2 0
2 sin cos 2sin 0
2 2 2
2
2
4
1:
0.5
v v v
v v v
v
v
v
x x
x x
x
The coefficient matrix
F L F L F L
F L F L F L
F L
F L
n
n
F
L
n
P E I
L
Smallest value of n
E I E I
P
L K L
t
t
t
t t
=
+ =
(
+ =
(

=
=
=
=
= =
Column Boundary Conditions
The critical buckling loads for columns with different boundary
conditions can be expressed as:





Where, K
x
, K
y
, and K
z
are functions of the boundary conditions:
K=1 for simply supported boundary conditions
K=0.5 for fix-fix boundary conditions
K=0.7 for fix-simple boundary conditions

( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
0
1
x
x
x
y
y
y
w
T
z
E I
P
K L
E I
P
K L
E I
P G K
K L
r
|
t
t
t
=
=
(
= + (
(

1
2
3
Column buckling example.
Consider a wide flange column W27 x 84. The boundary conditions are:
v=v=u=u=|=|=0 at z=0, and v=v=u=u=|=|=0 at z=L
For flexural buckling about the x-axis simply supported K
x
=1.0
For flexural buckling about the y-axis fixed at both ends K
y
= 0.5
For torsional buckling about the z-axis pin-fix at two ends - K
z
=0.7
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
0
1
x x
x
x x
x
x
y y y
y
x
y y
y
x
w w
T T x
x x y
z
z
x
E I E A r E A
P
K L K L
L
K
r
E I E A r r
E A
P
r
K L K L L
K
r
E I E I A
P G K G K r
r I I
K L
r L
K
r
|
t t t
t t
t
t t
= = =
| |
|
\ .
| |
= = =
|
| | \ .
|
\ .
(
(
(
(
= + = + (
(
+
( | |

(
|
(
\ .

Column buckling example.
( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
1 5823.066
( / ) ( / )
791.02
1
x
Y Y
x Y x
x x x
y y x y x
Y Y
y Y y
x x x
w
T x
Y Y x x y
z
x
P E A E
P A
L L L
K K
r r r
P r r E r r
E A
P A
L L L
K K
r r r
P
E I A
G K r
P A r I I
L
K
r
P
|
t t
o
o
t
t
o
o
t
o
= = =
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= = =
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(
(
(
= +
(
+
| |
(
|
(
\ .

( )
2
2
2
2
2
1
578.26
0.2333
w
T x
Y x x y Y
z
x
Y
x
E I
G K r
P r I I
L
K
r
P
P
L
r
|
|
t
o
(
(
(
= +
(
+
| |
(
|
(
\ .

= +
| |
|
\ .
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
L-r
x
(Slenderness Ratio)
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

b
u
c
k
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

/

y
i
e
l
d

l
o
a
d

(
P
c
r
/
P
Y
)
Px - flexural buckling Py - flexural buckling Pz - torsional buckling
Flexural buckling about
y-axis governs
Torsional buckling about
z-axis governs
Yield load P
Y
Cannot be exceeded
Flexural buckling
about x-axis
Flexural buckling
about y-axis
Torsional buckling
about z-axis
Column buckling example.
Column buckling example.
When L is such that L/r
x
< 31; torsional buckling will govern
r
x
= 10.69 in. Therefore, L/r
x
= 31 L=338 in.=28 ft.
Typical column length =10 15 ft. Therefore, typical L/r
x
= 11.2 16.8
Therefore elastic torsional buckling will govern.
But, the predicted load is much greater than P
Y
. Therefore, inelastic
buckling will govern.

Summary Typically must calculate all three buckling load values to
determine which one governs. However, for common steel buildings
made using wide flange sections the minor (y-axis) flexural buckling
usually governs.
In this problem, the torsional buckling governed because the end
conditions for minor axis flexural buckling were fixed. This is very
rarely achieved in common building construction.
Column Buckling Singly Symmetric Columns
Well, what if the column has only one axis of symmetry. Like the x-
axis or the y-axis or so.
y
x
C
S
As shown in this figure, the y axis
is the axis of symmetry.
The shear center S will be located
on this axis.
Therefore x
0
= 0.
The differential equations will
simplify to:
( )
0
2
0 0
0
0
( ) ( ) 0
x
y
w T
E I v P v
E I u P u P y
E I Pr G K u P y
|
| |
'' + =
'' + + =
''' ' ' + + =
1
2
3
Column Buckling Singly Symmetric Columns
The first equation for flexural buckling about the x-axis (axis of
non-symmetry) becomes uncoupled.
2
2
1 2 3 4
2
2
1
0 (1)
0
0
,
sin cos
sin 0
( )
mod sin
x
iv
x
iv
v
v
x
v v
v
x
x
x x
v
E I v P v
E I v P v
v F v
P
where F
E I
v C F z C F z C z C
Boundary conditions
F L
E I
P
K L
Buckling v C F z
t
'' + =
'' + =
'' + =
=
= + + +
=
=
=
Equations (2) and (3) are still
coupled in terms of u and |.


These equations will be satisfied by
the solutions of the form
u=C
2
sin (tz/L) and |=C
3
sin (tz/L)

( )
0
2
0 0
0
( ) ( ) 0
y
w T
E I u P u P y
E I Pr G K u P y
|
| |
'' + + =
''' ' ' + + =
2
3
Column Buckling Singly Symmetric Columns
( )
( )
0
2
0 0
0
2
0 0
2 3
4
2
0 (2)
( ) ( ) 0 (3)
0
( ) ( ) 0
, sin ; sin
, 2 3
sin
y
w T
iv
y
iv
w T
y
E I u P u P y
E I Pr G K u P y
E I u P u P y
E I Pr G K u P y
z z
Let u C C
L L
Therefore substituting these in equations and
z
E I C P
L L
|
| |
|
| |
t t
|
t t
'' + + =
''' ' ' + + =
'' '' + + =
'' '' + + =
= =
| |

|
\ .
2 2
2 0 3
4 2 2
2
3 0 3 0 2
sin sin 0
sin ( ) sin sin 0
w T
z z
C P y C
L L L L
z z z
E I C Pr G K C P y C
L L L L L L
t t t t
t t t t t t
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
Column Buckling Singly Symmetric Columns
{ }
2
2 0 3
2
2
0 3 0 2
2
2
2 2 2
0
2 0 3
2
0 3 0 2
0
2
2
3
0 0
0
( ) 0
1
,
0
0
0
( )
y
w T
y
w
y T
y
y
E I P C P y C
L
and E I Pr G K C P y C
L
E I
E I
Let P and P G K
L L
r
P P C P y C
P P r C P y C
P P P y
C
C
P y P P r
P
|
|
|
t
t
t
t
(
| |
=
(
|
\ .
(

(
| |
=
(
|
\ .
(

| |
= = +
|
\ .
( =

( =


(

=
` (

)

0
2
0 0
0
( )
y
P P y
P y P P r
|

=

Column Buckling Singly Symmetric Columns
2 2 2
0 0
2 2 2 2
0 0
2
2
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
( )( ) 0
( ) 0
(1 ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) 4 (1 )
2 (1 )
4 (1 )
( ) ( ) 1
( )
2 (1 )
y
y y
y y
y y y
y
y y
y
P P P P r P y
P P P P P P r P y
y
P P P P P P
r
y
P P P P P P
r
P
y
r
y
P P
r
P P P P
P P
P
y
r
|
| |
| |
| | |
|
| |
|
=
( + + =

+ + =
+ +
=

(
(
+ +
+ (
(

=

2
0
2
0
2 2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2 2
0
2
0
4 (1 )
( )
1 1
( )
2 (1 )
,
4 (1 )
( )
1 1
( )
2 (1 )
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
P P
P P
r
P
y P P
r
Thus there are two roots for P
Smaller value will govern
y
P P
P P
r
P P
y P P
r
|
|
|
|
|
|
(
(
+
(
=
(
+

(
(

(
(
+
(
= =
(
+

(
(

Column Buckling Singly Symmetric Columns
The critical buckling load will the lowest of P
x
and the two roots
shown on the previous slide.
If the flexural torsional buckling load govern, then the buckling
mode will be C
2
sin (tz/L) x C
3
sin (tz/L)
This buckling mode will include both flexural and torsional
deformations hence flexural-torsional buckling mode.
Column Buckling Asymmetric Section
No axes of symmetry: Therefore, shear center S (x
o
, y
o
) is such that
neither x
o
not y
o
are zero.




For simply supported boundary conditions: (u, u, v, v, |, |=0), the
solutions to the differential equations can be assumed to be:
u = C
1
sin (tz/L)
v = C
2
sin (tz/L)
| = C
3
sin (tz/L)
These solutions will satisfy the boundary conditions noted above
( )
( )
0
0
2
0 0 0
0 (1)
0 (2)
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 (3)
'' + =
'' + + =
''' ' ' ' + + =
x
y
w T
E I v P v P x
E I u P u P y
E I Pr G K u P y v P x
|
|
| |
Column Buckling Asymmetric Section
Substitute the solutions into the d.e. and assume that it satisfied too:
2
1 1 0 3
2
2 2 0 3
3
3
sin sin sin 0
sin sin sin 0
cos

| | | | | | | |
+ =
` ` `
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
) )
)

| | | | | | | |
+ + =
` ` `
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
) )
)

| | | |

| |
\ . \ .
x
y
w
z z z
E I C P C P x C
L L L L
z z z
E I C P C P y C
L L L L
z
E I C
L L
t t t t
t t t t
t t
2
0 3 0 1 0 2
( ) cos cos cos 0

| | | | | |
+ + =
` ` ` `
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
) ) )
)
T
z z z
Pr G K C P y C P x C
L L L L L L
t t t t t t
2
0
1
2
0 2
2
2
3
0 0 0
0
sin
0
0 sin 0
0
cos
( )
| |
| |
(
| |
+ |
|
| (
\ .
| \ .
(

|
| | | |
(
+ = |
`
| |
(
\ . \ .
|

( )
|
| |
| | (
+ | |
|
(
|
\ .

\ .
\ .
x
y
w T
z
E I P P x
C
L
L
z
E I P P y C
L L
z
C
P x P y E I Pr G K
L L
L
t
t
t t
t t
t
Column Buckling Asymmetric Section





Either C
1
, C
2
, C
3
= 0 (no buckling), or the determinant of the coefficient
matrix =0 at buckling.
Therefore, determinant of the coefficient matrix is:




1
0
0 2
2
0 0 0
3
2 2
2
2 2
0
sin
0 0
0 sin 0
0
cos
,
1
(
| |
| (
\ .
| |
(
+
| | |
(
+ =
`
| |
(
\ .

|
(
) +
\ .
| |
(
|
(
\ .

| |
| | | |
= = = +
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
x
y
w
x x y y T
z
C
L
P P P x
z
P P P y C
L
P x P y P Pr
z
C
L L
where
E I
P EI P EI P G K
L L L
r
|
|
t
t
t t
t t t
( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
| | | |
| |
=
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2 2 o o
x y x y
2 2
o o
y x
P P P P P P P P P P P P 0
r r
|
Column Buckling Asymmetric Section


This is the equation for predicting buckling of a column with an
asymmetric section.
The equation is cubic in P. Hence, it can be solved to obtain three
roots P
cr1
, P
cr2
, P
cr3
.
The smallest of the three roots will govern the buckling of the column.
The critical buckling load will always be smaller than P
x
, P
y
, and P
|

The buckling mode will always include all three deformations u, v, and
|. Hence, it will be a flexural-torsional buckling mode.
For boundary conditions other than simply-supported, the
corresponding P
x
, P
y
, and P
|
can be modified to include end condition
effects K
x
, K
y
, and K
|


( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
| | | |
| |
=
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2 2 o o
x y x y
2 2
o o
y x
P P P P P P P P P P P P 0
r r
|
Homework No. 4
See word file
Problem No. 1
Consider a column with doubly symmetric cross-section. The boundary conditions
for flexural buckling are simply supported at one end and fixed at the other end.
Solve the differential equation for flexural buckling for these boundary conditions
and determine the eigenvalue (buckling load) and the eigenmode (buckling shape).
Plot the eigenmode.
How the eigenvalue compare with the effective length approach for predicting
buckling?
What is the relationship between the eigenmode and the effective length of the
column (Refer textbook).
Problem No. 2
Consider an A992 steel W14 x 68 column cross-section. Develop the normalized
buckling load (Pcr/PY) vs. slenderness ratio (L/rx) curves for the column cross-
section. Assume that the boundary conditions are simply supported for buckling
about the x, y, and z axes.
Which buckling mode dominates for different column lengths?
Is torsional buckling a possibility for practical columns of this length?
Will elastic buckling occur for most practical lengths of this column?
Problem No. 3
Consider a C10 x 30 column section. The length of the column is 15 ft. What is the
buckling capacity of the column if it is simply supported for buckling about the y-
axis (of non-symmetry), pin-fix for flexure about the x-axis (of symmetry) and
simply supported in torsion about the z-axis. Which buckling mode dominates?
Column Buckling - Inelastic
A long topic
Effects of geometric imperfection

EI
x
' ' v + Pv = 0
EI
y
' ' u + Pu = 0
Leads to bifurcation buckling of
perfect doubly-symmetric columns
P

v
o
=o
o
sin
tz
L
v
v
v
o

P
M
x


M
x
P(v + v
o
) = 0
EI
x
' ' v + P(v + v
o
) = 0
' ' v + F
v
2
(v + v
o
) = 0
' ' v + F
v
2
v = F
v
2
v
o
' ' v + F
v
2
v = F
v
2
(o
o
sin
tz
L
)
Solution= v
c
+ v
p
v
c
= Asin(F
v
z) + Bcos(F
v
z)
v
p
= Csin
tz
L
+ Dcos
tz
L
Effects of Geometric Imperfection

Solve f or C and D f irst
' ' v
p
+ F
v
2
v
p
= F
v
2
o
o
sin
tz
L

t
L
|
\

|
.
|
2
Csin
tz
L
+Dcos
tz
L



(

(
+ F
v
2
Csin
tz
L
+Dcos
tz
L



(

(
+ F
v
2
o
o
sin
tz
L
= 0
sin
tz
L
C
t
L
|
\

|
.
|
2
+ F
v
2
C + F
v
2
o
o



(

( + cos
tz
L

t
L
|
\

|
.
|
2
D+ F
v
2
D



(

( = 0
C
t
L
|
\

|
.
|
2
+ F
v
2
C + F
v
2
o
o
= 0 and
t
L
|
\

|
.
|
2
D+ F
v
2
D



(

( = 0
C =
F
v
2
o
o
t
L
|
\

|
.
|
2
F
v
2
and D= 0
Solutionbecomes
v = Asin(F
v
z) + Bcos(F
v
z) +
F
v
2
o
o
t
L
|
\

|
.
|
2
F
v
2
sin
tz
L
Geometric Imperfection

Solve f or A and B
Boundary conditionsv(0) = v(L) = 0
v(0) = B = 0
v(L) = Asin F
v
L = 0
A = 0
Solutionbecomes
v =
F
v
2
o
o
t
L
|
\

|
.
|
2
F
v
2
sin
tz
L
v =
F
v
2
t
L
|
\

|
.
|
2
o
o
1
F
v
2
t
L
|
\

|
.
|
2
sin
tz
L
=
P
P
E
o
o
1
P
P
E
sin
tz
L

v =
P
P
E
1
P
P
E
o
o
sin
tz
L
Total Def lection
= v + v
o
=
P
P
E
1
P
P
E
o
o
sin
tz
L
+o
o
sin
tz
L
=
P
P
E
1
P
P
E
+1






(

(
(
(
(
o
o
sin
tz
L
=
1
1
P
P
E
o
o
sin
tz
L
= A
F
o
o
sin
tz
L
A
F
= amplification factor
Geometric Imperfection

A
F
=
1
1
P
P
E
= amplification factor
M
x
= P(v + v
o
)
M
x
= A
F
(Po
o
sin
tz
L
)
i.e., M
x
= A
F
(moment due to initial crooked)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
P/P
E
A
m
p
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

F
a
c
t
o
r

A
F
Increases exponentially
Limit A
F
for design
Limit P/P
E
for design

Value used in the code is 0.877
This will give A
F
= 8.13
Have to live with it.
Residual Stress Effects
Residual Stress Effects
History of column inelastic buckling
Euler developed column elastic buckling equations (buried in the
million other things he did).
Take a look at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuleR
An amazing mathematician
In the 1750s, I could not find the exact year.
The elastica problem of column buckling indicates elastic
buckling occurs with no increase in load.
dP/dv=0

History of Column Inelastic Buckling
Engesser extended the elastic column buckling theory in 1889.
He assumed that inelastic
buckling occurs with no
increase in load, and the
relation between stress
and strain is defined by
tangent modulus E
t


Engessers tangent modulus theory is easy to apply. It
compares reasonably with experimental results.
P
T
=tE
T
I / (KL)
2

History of Column Inelastic Buckling
In 1895, Jasinsky pointed out the problem with Engessers
theory.
If dP/dv=0, then the 2
nd
order moment (Pv) will produce
incremental strains that will vary linearly and have a zero value at
the centroid (neutral axis).
The linear strain variation will have compressive and tensile
values. The tangent modulus for the incremental compressive
strain is equal to E
t
and that for the tensile strain is E.
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
In 1898, Engesser corrected his original theory by accounting
for the different tangent modulus of the tensile increment.
This is known as the reduced modulus or double modulus
The assumptions are the same as before. That is, there is no
increase in load as buckling occurs.
The corrected theory is shown in the following slide
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
The buckling load P
R
produces critical
stress o
R
=P
r
/A
During buckling, a small curvature d|
is introduced
The strain distribution is shown.
The loaded side has dc
L
and do
L
The unloaded side has dc
U
and do
U


dc
L
= ( y y
1
+ y) d|
dc
U
= ( y y + y
1
) d|
do
L
= E
t
( y y
1
+ y) d|
do
U
= E( y y + y
1
) d|
History of Column Inelastic Buckling

d| = ' ' v
do
L
= E
t
( y y
1
+ y) ' ' v
do
U
= E( y y + y
1
) ' ' v
But, the assumption is dP = 0
do
U
dA
y y
1
y
} do
L
dA
( dy )
y y
1
} = 0
E( y y + y
1
) dA
y y
1
y
} E
t
( y y
1
+ y) dA
( dy )
y y
1
} = 0
ES
1
E
t
S
2
= 0
where, S
1
= ( y y + y
1
) dA
y y
1
y
}
and S
2
= ( y y
1
+ y) dA
( dy )
y y
1
}
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
S
1
and S
2
are the statical moments of the areas to the left and
right of the neutral axis.
Note that the neutral axis does not coincide with the centroid any
more.
The location of the neutral axis is calculated using the equation
derived ES
1
- E
t
S
2
= 0



M = Pv
M = do
U
( y y +y
1
) dA
y y
1
y
} do
L
( y y
1
+ y) dA
( dy )
y y
1
}
M = Pv = ' ' v ( EI
1
+ E
t
I
2
)
where, I
1
= ( y y + y
1
)
2
dA
y y
1
y
}
and I
2
= ( y y
1
+ y)
2
dA
( dy )
y y
1
}
History of Column Inelastic Buckling











M = Pv = ' ' v ( EI
1
+ E
t
I
2
)
Pv + ( EI
1
+ E
t
I
2
) ' ' v = 0
' ' v +
P
EI
1
+ E
t
I
2
v = 0
' ' v + F
v
2
v = 0
where, F
v
2
=
P
EI
1
+ E
t
I
2
=
P
E I
x
and E = E
I
1
I
x
+ E
t
I
2
I
x
P
R
=
t
2
E I
x
(KL)
2
E is the reduced or double modulus
P
R
is the reduced modulus buckling load
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
For 50 years, engineers were faced with the dilemma that the
reduced modulus theory is correct, but the experimental data
was closer to the tangent modulus theory. How to resolve?
Shanley eventually resolved this dilemma in 1947. He
conducted very careful experiments on small aluminum
columns.
He found that lateral deflection started very near the theoretical
tangent modulus load and the load capacity increased with
increasing lateral deflections.
The column axial load capacity never reached the calculated
reduced or double modulus load.
Shanley developed a column model to explain the observed
phenomenon
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
History of Column Inelastic Buckling

History of Column Inelastic Buckling






Column Inelastic Buckling
Three different theories
Tangent modulus
Reduced modulus
Shanley model

Tangent modulus theory
assumes
Perfectly straight column
Ends are pinned
Small deformations
No strain reversal during
buckling

P
dP/dv=0
v
Elastic buckling analysis
Slope is zero at buckling
AP=0 with increasing Av
P
T
Tangent modulus theory
Assumes that the column buckles at the tangent modulus load such
that there is an increase in AP (axial force) and AM (moment).
The axial strain increases everywhere and there is no strain reversal.

P
T

v
P
T

M
x

v
o
T
=P
T
/A
Strain and stress state just before buckling
Strain and stress state just after buckling
c
T

c
T

Ac
T
o
T

Ao
T
=E
T
Ac
T
M
x
- Pv = 0
Curvature = | = slope of strain diagram

| =
Ac
T
h
Ac
T
= |
h
2
+ y
|
\

|
.
| where y = distance fromcentroid
Ao
T
= |
h
2
+ y
|
\

|
.
| - E
T
Tangent modulus theory
Deriving the equation of equilibrium








The equation M
x
- P
T
v=0 becomes -E
T
I
x
v - P
T
v=0
Solution is P
T
= t
2
E
T
I
x
/L
2


M
x
= o - y
A
} dA
o =o
T
+ Ao
T
o =o
T
+ |( y + h / 2) - E
T
M
x
= o
T
+ |( y + h / 2)E
T
( )
- y
A
} dA
M
x
=o
T
y dA+ E
T
| y
2
dA+
A
} |h / 2)E
T
( )
y dA
A
}
A
}
M
x
= 0 + E
T
| I
x
+ 0
M
x
= E
T
I
x
' ' v
Example - Aluminum columns
Consider an aluminum column with Ramberg-Osgood stress-
strain curve


c =
o
E
+ 0.002
o
o
0.2
|
\

|
.
|
n

cc
co
=
1
E
+
0.002
o
0.2
n
no
n1

cc
co
=
1+
0.002
o
0.2
n
nEo
n1
E

cc
co
=
1+
0.002
o
0.2
nE
o
o
0.2
|
\

|
.
|
n1
E

co
cc
=
E
1+
0.002
o
0.2
nE
o
o
0.2
|
\

|
.
|
n1
= E
T
E 10100 ksi
o
0.2
40.15 ksi
n 18.55
c o E
T
E
T
(KL/r)
cr
0.000E+00 0 differences equation
1.980E-04 2 10100.0 10100.0 223.2521046
3.960E-04 4 10100.0 10100.0 157.8630771
5.941E-04 6 10100.0 10100.0 128.8946627
7.921E-04 8 10100.0 10100.0 111.6260523
9.901E-04 10 10100.0 10100.0 99.84137641
1.188E-03 12 10100.0 10100.0 91.1422898
1.386E-03 14 10100.0 10100.0 84.3813604
1.584E-03 16 10100.0 10100.0 78.93150275
1.782E-03 18 10100.0 10099.9 74.41710153
1.980E-03 20 10099.8 10099.5 70.59690679
2.178E-03 22 10098.8 10097.6 67.3048795
2.376E-03 24 10094.2 10088.7 64.4113691
2.575E-03 26 10075.1 10054.2 61.77857434
2.775E-03 28 10005.7 9934.0 59.17430952
2.979E-03 30 9779.8 9563.7 56.09208286
3.198E-03 32 9142.0 8602.6 51.5097656
3.458E-03 34 7697.4 6713.6 44.14566415
3.829E-03 36 5394.2 4251.9 34.1419685
4.483E-03 38 3056.9 2218.6 24.00464013
5.826E-03 40 1488.8 1037.0 15.9961201
8.771E-03 42 679.2 468.1 10.48827475
1.529E-02 44 306.9 212.4 6.902516144
2.949E-02 46 140.8 98.5 4.596633406
5.967E-02 48 66.3 46.9 3.105440361
1.221E-01 50 32.1 23.0 2.129145204
Tangent Modulus Buckling
Ramberg-Osgood Stress-Strain
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050
Strain (in./in.)
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
s
i
)
Stress-tangent modulus relationship
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 10 20 30 40 50
Stress (ksi)
T
a
n
g
e
n
t

M
o
d
u
l
u
s

(
k
s
i
)
ET differences ET equation
Tangent Modulus Buckling
Column Inelastic Buckling Curve
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 30 60 90 120 150
KL/r
T
a
n
g
e
n
t

M
o
d
u
l
u
s

B
u
c
k
l
i
n
g

S
t
r
e
s
s
o
T
(KL/r)
cr
0
2 223.2521046
4 157.8630771
6 128.8946627
8 111.6260523
10 99.84137641
12 91.1422898
14 84.3813604
16 78.93150275
18 74.41710153
20 70.59690679
22 67.3048795
24 64.4113691
26 61.77857434
28 59.17430952
30 56.09208286
32 51.5097656
34 44.14566415
36 34.1419685
38 24.00464013
40 15.9961201
42 10.48827475
44 6.902516144
46 4.596633406
48 3.105440361
50 2.129145204

P
T
=
t
2
E
T
I
x
L
2

P
T
A
=o
T
=
t
2
E
T
I
x
AL
2
=
t
2
E
T
KL / r
( )
2
KL / r
( )
cr
=
t
2
E
T
o
T
Residual Stress Effects
Consider a rectangular section
with a simple residual stress
distribution
Assume that the steel material
has elastic-plastic stress-strain
oc curve.
Assume simply supported end
conditions
Assume triangular distribution
for residual stresses
x
y
b
d
o
rc

o
rc

o
rt

E
o
y

o
c
0.5o
y
0.5o
y

+0.5o
y

2o
y
/b
Residual Stress Effects
One major constrain on residual
stresses is that they must be such
that







Residual stresses are produced by
uneven cooling but no load is
present




o
r
dA=0 }

0.5o
y
+
2o
y
b
x
|
\

|
.
|
d dx
b / 2
0
} + +0.5o
y

2o
y
b
x
|
\

|
.
|
d dx
0
b / 2
}
= 0.5o
y
db 2 + 0.5o
y
db 2 +
2do
y
b
b
2
8
|
\

|
.
|

2do
y
b
b
2
8
|
\

|
.
|
= 0
Residual Stress Effects
Response will be such that -
elastic behavior when

o < 0.5o
y
P
x
=
t
2
EI
x
L
2
and P
y
=
t
2
EI
y
L
2
Yieldingoccurs when
o = 0.5o
y
i.e., P = 0.5P
Y
Inelastic bucklingwill occur af tero > 0.5o
y
x
y
b
d
x
y
ob ob
o
Y
o
Y


o
Y

2o
Y
b
ob
|
\

|
.
| =o
Y
(12o)
2o
Y
/b
Residual Stress Effects

Total axial f orce corresponding to the yielded sec tion
o
Y
b 2ob
( )
d +
o
Y
+o
Y
(12o)
2
|
\

|
.
|
obd 2
=o
Y
12o
( )
bd +o
Y
(2 2o)obd
=o
Y
bd 2obdo
Y
+ 2o
Y
obd 2o
2
bdo
Y
=o
Y
bd(12o
2
) = P
Y
(12o
2
)
If inelastic bucklingwere to occur at this load
P
cr
= P
Y
(12o
2
)
o =
1
2
1
P
cr
P
Y
|
\

|
.
|

If inelastic bucklingoccurs about x axis
P
cr
= P
Tx
=
t
2
E
L
2
(2ob)
d
3
12
P
Tx
=
t
2
EI
x
L
2
2o
P
Tx
= P
x
2
1
2
1
P
cr
P
Y
|
\

|
.
|
P
Tx
= P
x
2
1
2
1
P
Tx
P
Y
|
\

|
.
|
P
cr
= P
Tx

P
Tx
P
Y
=
P
x
P
Y
2
1
2
1
P
Tx
P
Y
|
\

|
.
|
Let,
P
x
P
Y
=
1

x
2
= t
2
E
o
Y
r
x
K
x
L
x
|
\

|
.
|
2

P
Tx
P
Y
=
1

x
2
2
1
2
1
P
Tx
P
Y
|
\

|
.
|

x
2
=
2 1
P
Tx
P
Y
|
\

|
.
|
P
Tx
P
Y
x
y
ob ob

If inelastic bucklingoccurs about y axis
P
cr
= P
Ty
=
t
2
E
L
2
(2ob)
3
d
12
P
Ty
=
t
2
EI
y
L
2
2o
( )
3
P
Ty
= P
y
2
1
2
1
P
cr
P
Y
|
\

|
.
|




(

(
(
3
P
Ty
= P
y
2 1
P
Ty
P
Y
|
\

|
.
|




(

(
(
3
P
cr
= P
Ty

P
Ty
P
Y
=
P
y
P
Y
2 1
P
Ty
P
Y
|
\

|
.
|




(

(
(
3
Let,
P
y
P
Y
=
1

y
2
= t
2
E
o
Y
r
y
K
y
L
y
|
\


|
.
|
|
2

P
Ty
P
Y
=
1

y
2
2 1
P
Ty
P
Y
|
\

|
.
|




(

(
(
3

y
2
=
2 1
P
Ty
P
Y
|
\

|
.
|




(

(
(
3
P
Ty
P
Y
x
y
ob ob
Residual Stress Effects
P/P
Y

y
0.200 2.236 2.236
0.250 2.000 2.000
0.300 1.826 1.826
0.350 1.690 1.690
0.400 1.581 1.581
0.450 1.491 1.491
0.500 1.414 1.414
0.550 1.313 1.246
0.600 1.221 1.092
0.650 1.135 0.949
0.700 1.052 0.815
0.750 0.971 0.687
0.800 0.889 0.562
0.850 0.803 0.440
0.900 0.705 0.315
0.950 0.577 0.182
0.995 0.317 0.032
Column Inelastic Buckling
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Lambda
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

c
o
l
u
m
n

c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
Tangent modulus buckling - Numerical
Centroidal axis
A
fib
y
fib

Discretize the cross-section into fibers
Think about the discretization. Do you need the flange
To be discretized along the length and width?
For each fiber, save the area of fiber (A
fib
), the
distances from the centroid y
fib
and x
fib
,
I
x-fib
and I
y-fib
the fiber number in the matrix.
Discretize residual stress distribution
Calculate residual stress (o
r-fib
)
each fiber
Check that sum(o
r-fib
A
fib
)for
Section = zero

1
2
3
4
5
Tangent Modulus Buckling - Numerical
Calculate effective residual
strain (c
r
) for each fiber
c
r
=o
r
/E

Assume centroidal strain
c
Calculate total strain for each fiber
c
tot
=c+c
r
Assume a material stress-strain
curve for each fiber

Calculate stress in each fiber o
fib

Calculate Axial Force = P
Sum (o
fib
A
fib
)
Calculate average stress = o = P/A
Calculate the tangent (EI)
TX
and (EI)
TY
for the o
(EI)
TX
= sum(E
T-fib
{y
fib
2
A
fib
+I
x-fib
})
(EI)
Ty
= sum(E
T-fib
{x
fib
2
A
fib
+ I
y-fib
})

Calculate the critical (KL)
X
and (KL)
Y
for the o
(KL)
X-cr
= t sqrt [(EI)
Tx
/P]
(KL)
y-cr
= t sqrt [(EI)
Ty
/P]

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Tangent modulus buckling - numerical
Section Dimension
b 12 fiber no. A
fib
x
fib
y
fib
o
r-fib
c
r-fib
Ix
fib
Iy
fib
d 4 1 2.4 -5.7 0 -22.5 -7.759E-04 3.2 78.05
o
y
50 2 2.4 -5.1 0 -17.5 -6.034E-04 3.2 62.50
3 2.4 -4.5 0 -12.5 -4.310E-04 3.2 48.67
No. of fibers 20 4 2.4 -3.9 0 -7.5 -2.586E-04 3.2 36.58
5 2.4 -3.3 0 -2.5 -8.621E-05 3.2 26.21
6 2.4 -2.7 0 2.5 8.621E-05 3.2 17.57
A 48 7 2.4 -2.1 0 7.5 2.586E-04 3.2 10.66
Ix 64 8 2.4 -1.5 0 12.5 4.310E-04 3.2 5.47
Iy 576.00 9 2.4 -0.9 0 17.5 6.034E-04 3.2 2.02
10 2.4 -0.3 0 22.5 7.759E-04 3.2 0.29
11 2.4 0.3 0 22.5 7.759E-04 3.2 0.29
12 2.4 0.9 0 17.5 6.034E-04 3.2 2.02
13 2.4 1.5 0 12.5 4.310E-04 3.2 5.47
14 2.4 2.1 0 7.5 2.586E-04 3.2 10.66
15 2.4 2.7 0 2.5 8.621E-05 3.2 17.57
16 2.4 3.3 0 -2.5 -8.621E-05 3.2 26.21
17 2.4 3.9 0 -7.5 -2.586E-04 3.2 36.58
18 2.4 4.5 0 -12.5 -4.310E-04 3.2 48.67
19 2.4 5.1 0 -17.5 -6.034E-04 3.2 62.50
20 2.4 5.7 0 -22.5 -7.759E-04 3.2 78.05
Tangent Modulus Buckling - numerical
Strain Increment
Ac Fiber no. c
tot
o
fib
E
fib
EI
Tx-fi b
EI
Ty-fi b
P
fi b
-0.0003 1 -1.076E-03 -31.2 29000 92800 2.26E+06 -74.88
2 -9.034E-04 -26.2 29000 92800 1.81E+06 -62.88
3 -7.310E-04 -21.2 29000 92800 1.41E+06 -50.88
4 -5.586E-04 -16.2 29000 92800 1.06E+06 -38.88
5 -3.862E-04 -11.2 29000 92800 7.60E+05 -26.88
6 -2.138E-04 -6.2 29000 92800 5.09E+05 -14.88
7 -4.138E-05 -1.2 29000 92800 3.09E+05 -2.88
8 1.310E-04 3.8 29000 92800 1.59E+05 9.12
9 3.034E-04 8.8 29000 92800 5.85E+04 21.12
10 4.759E-04 13.8 29000 92800 8.35E+03 33.12
11 4.759E-04 13.8 29000 92800 8.35E+03 33.12
12 3.034E-04 8.8 29000 92800 5.85E+04 21.12
13 1.310E-04 3.8 29000 92800 1.59E+05 9.12
14 -4.138E-05 -1.2 29000 92800 3.09E+05 -2.88
15 -2.138E-04 -6.2 29000 92800 5.09E+05 -14.88
16 -3.862E-04 -11.2 29000 92800 7.60E+05 -26.88
17 -5.586E-04 -16.2 29000 92800 1.06E+06 -38.88
18 -7.310E-04 -21.2 29000 92800 1.41E+06 -50.88
19 -9.034E-04 -26.2 29000 92800 1.81E+06 -62.88
20 -1.076E-03 -31.2 29000 92800 2.26E+06 -74.88
Tangent Modulus Buckling - Numerical
Ac P EI
Tx
EI
Ty
KL
x-cr
KL
y-cr
o
T
/o
Y
(KL/r)
x
(KL/r)
y
0.0003 -417.6 1856000 16704000 209.4395102 628.3185307 0.174 181.3799364 181.3799364
0.0004 -556.8 1856000 16704000 181.3799364 544.1398093 0.232 157.0796327 157.0796327
-0.0005 -696 1856000 16704000 162.231147 486.6934411 0.29 140.4962946 140.4962946
-0.0006 -835.2 1856000 16704000 148.0960979 444.2882938 0.348 128.254983 128.254983
-0.0007 -974.4 1856000 16704000 137.1103442 411.3310325 0.406 118.7410412 118.7410412
-0.0008 -1113.6 1856000 16704000 128.254983 384.764949 0.464 111.0720735 111.0720735
-0.0009 -1252.8 1856000 16704000 120.9199576 362.7598728 0.522 104.7197551 104.7197551
-0.001 -1384.8 1670400 12177216 109.11051 294.5983771 0.577 94.49247352 85.04322617
-0.0011 -1510.08 1670400 12177216 104.4864889 282.1135199 0.6292 90.48795371 81.43915834
-0.0012 -1624.32 1484800 8552448 94.98347542 227.960341 0.6768 82.25810265 65.80648212
-0.0013 -1734.72 1299200 5729472 85.97519823 180.5479163 0.7228 74.45670576 52.11969403
-0.0014 -1832.16 1299200 5729472 83.65775001 175.681275 0.7634 72.44973673 50.71481571
-0.0015 -1924.8 1113600 3608064 75.56517263 136.0173107 0.802 65.44135914 39.26481548
-0.0016 -2008.32 1113600 3608064 73.97722346 133.1590022 0.8368 64.06615482 38.43969289
-0.0017 -2083.2 928000 2088000 66.30684706 99.46027059 0.868 57.423414 28.711707
-0.0018 -2152.8 928000 2088000 65.22619108 97.83928663 0.897 56.48753847 28.24376924
-0.0019 -2209.92 742400 1069056 57.58118233 69.0974188 0.9208 49.86676668 19.94670667
-0.002 -2263.2 556800 451008 49.27629185 44.34866267 0.943 42.67452055 12.80235616
-0.0021 -2304.96 556800 451008 48.8278711 43.94508399 0.9604 42.28617679 12.68585304
-0.0022 -2340.48 371200 133632 39.56410897 23.73846538 0.9752 34.26352344 6.852704688
-0.0023 -2368.32 371200 133632 39.33088015 23.59852809 0.9868 34.06154136 6.812308273
-0.0024 -2386.08 185600 16704 27.70743725 8.312231176 0.9942 23.99534453 2.399534453
-0.00249 -2398.608 185600 16704 27.63498414 8.290495243 0.99942 23.9325983 2.39325983
Tangent Modulus Buckling - Numerical
Inelastic Column Buckling
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
KL/r ratio
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

s
t
r
e
s
s

(

T
/

Y
)
(KL/r)x (KL/r)y
Column Inelastic Buckling
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Lambda
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

c
o
l
u
m
n

c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Num-x Num-y Analytical-x
Elastic AISC-Design Analytical-y
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
Going back to the original three second-order differential
equations:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
0
0
0
,
( ) ( ( ) )
( ( ) ) ( ) ( ) 0
x BY TY BY BX TX BX
y BX TY BY BY TX BX
w T BX BX TX
BY BY TY TY BY TX BX
Therefore
z z
E I v P v P x M M M M M M
L L
z z
E I u P u P y M M M M M M
L L
z
E I G K K u M M M P y
L
z v u
v M M M P x M M M M
L L L
|
|
| |
| |
'' + + + = +
|
\ .
| |
'' + + + = + +
|
\ .
''' ' ' + + + +
' + + + + + =
1
2
3
(M
TX
+M
BX
)
(M
TY
+M
BY
)
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
Consider the case of a beam subjected to uniaxial bending only:
because most steel structures have beams in uniaxial bending
Beams under biaxial bending do not undergo elastic buckling
P=0; M
TY
=M
BY
=0
The three equations simplify to:





Equation (1) is an uncoupled differential equation describing in-
plane bending behavior caused by M
TX
and M
BX

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
x BX TX BX
y BX TX BX
w T BX BX TX TX BX
z
E I v M M M
L
z
E I u M M M
L
z u
E I G K K u M M M M M
L L
|
| |
''
= +
''
= +
| |
''' ' '
+ + + + =
|
\ .
1
2
3
(|)
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
Equations (2) and (3) are coupled equations in u and | that
describe the lateral bending and torsional behavior of the beam.
In fact they define the lateral torsional buckling of the beam.
The beam must satisfy all three equations (1, 2, and 3). Hence,
beam in-plane bending will occur UNTIL the lateral torsional
buckling moment is reached, when it will take over.
Consider the case of uniform moment (M
o
) causing compression
in the top flange. This will mean that
-M
BX
= M
TX
= M
o

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
For this case, the differential equations (2 and 3) will become:

( )
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0
0
( ) 0
:
'
,
( ) ( )
2 2
y o
w T o
A
o
x
o
o o
x A
o
o o
x
E I u M
E I G K K u M
where
K Wagner s effect due to warping caused by torsion
K a dA
M
But y neglecting higher order terms
I
M
K y x x y y dA
I
M
K y x x xx y y yy dA
I
|
| |
o
o
'' + =
''' ' ' + + =
=
=
=
( = +

( = + + +

}
}
2 2 2 2 2
0
2 2
A
o
o o o
x A A A A A
M
K x y dA y x y dA x xy dA y y dA y y dA
I
(
( = + + +
(


}
} } } } }
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
, 2
sec
o
o x
x A
A
o o
x
A
o x x o
x
x
M
K y x y dA y I
I
y x y dA
K M y
I
y x y dA
K M where y
I
is a new tional property
| |
|
(
( = +
(


(
( +

(
=
(
(

( +

= =
}
}
}
( )
:
(2) 0
(3) ( ) 0
y o
w T o x o
The beambuckling differential equations become
E I u M
E I G K M u M
|
| | |
''
+ =
''' ' '
+ + =
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
2
2
2
2
1 2
2
1 2
(2)
(2) (3) :
( ) 0
sec : 0
0
,
0
o
y
iv
o
w T o x
y
x
iv
o T
w y w
o T
w y w
iv
M
Equation gives u
E I
Substituting u from Equation in gives
M
E I G K M
E I
For doubly symmetric tion
M G K
E I E I I
M G K
Let and
E I E I I
|
| | | |
|
| | |

| | |
''
=
''
''
+ =
=
''
=
= =
''
= . . becomes the combined d e of LTB
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
( )
1 1 2 2
4 2
1 2
4 2
1 2
2 2
1 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2
1 2
1 2 3 4
0
0
4 4
,
2 2
4 4
,
2 2
, ,
z
z
z z i z i z
Assume solution is of the form e
e
i
Let and i
Above are the four roots for
C e C e C e C e
collect

o o o o
|


o o

|

=
=
=
+ + +
=
+ + + +
=
=
= + + +

1 1 2 1 3 2 4 2
cosh( ) sinh( ) sin( ) cos( )
ing real and imaginary terms
G z G z G z G z | o o o o = + + +

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
Assume simply supported boundary conditions for the beam:

1
2 2
1 2 2
1 1 2 2 3
2 2 2 2
4
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
(0) (0) ( ) ( ) 0
. .
1 0 0 1
0 0
0
cosh( ) sinh( ) sin( ) cos( )
cosh( ) sinh( ) sin( ) cos( )
L L
Solution for must satisfy all four b c
G
G
L L L L G
G
L L L L
For buckl
| | | |
|
o o
o o o o
o o o o o o o o
'' '' = = = =
(

(


( =
`
(

(

)

( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
2
2
sin :
det min 0
sinh( ) sinh( ) 0
:
sinh( ) 0
ing coefficient matrix must be gular
er ant of matrix
L L
Of these
only L
L n
o o o o
o
o t
=
+ =
=
=
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
( )
2
2
1 2 1
2
2
1 2 1
2
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
4
2
2
4
2 2 2
2
4 4
o T
y w w
T
o y w
w
n
L
L
L
L L L
L L
M GK
E I I L E I L
GK
M E I I
L E I L
t
o

t
t

t t t

t t

t t

t t
=
+
=
+ =
| | | || |
+ +
| | |
\ . \ .\ .
= =
| || |
= +
| |
\ .\ .
| || |
= = +
| |
\ . \ .
| || |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
2
2
2 2
y
w
o T
E I
E I
M GK
L L
t
t | |
= +
|
\ .

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