8th edition Steven P.

Robbins Mary Coulter

PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook

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LEARNING OUTLINE
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.

The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic

Contrast the action of manager according to the omnipotent and symbolic views. Explain the parameters of managerial discretion.

The Organizations Culture

Describe the seven dimensions of organizational culture. Explain the source of an organizations culture and how that culture continues.

Describe how culture is transmitted to employees.

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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (contd)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.

Current Organizational Issues Facing Managers

Describe the characteristics of an ethical culture, an innovative culture, and a customer-responsive culture. Discuss why workplace spirituality seems to be an important concern.

Describe the characteristics of a spiritual organization.

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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (contd)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.

The Environment (contd)

Describe the components of the specific and general environments. Discuss the two dimensions of environmental uncertainty. Identify the most common organizational stakeholders. Explain the four steps in managing external stakeholder relationships.

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The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic?

Omnipotent View of Management
Managers are directly responsible for an organizations success or failure. The quality of the organization is determined by the quality of its managers.

Managers are held most accountable for an organizations performance yet it is difficult to attribute good or poor performance directly to their influence on the organization.
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The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic?

Symbolic View of Management
Much of an organizations success or failure is due to external forces outside of managers control. The ability of managers to affect outcomes is influenced and constrained by external factors.
The

economy, customers, governmental policies, competitors, industry conditions, technology, and the actions of previous managers

Managers symbolize control and influence through their action.

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Parameters of Managerial Discretion

Exhibit 3.1
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The Organizations Culture

Organizational Culture
A system of shared meanings and common beliefs held by organizational members that determines, in a large degree, how they act towards each other. The way we do things around here.
Values,

symbols, rituals, myths, and practices

is a perception.

Implications:
Culture

Culture
Culture

is shared.
is descriptive.
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Dimensions of Organizational Culture

Exhibit 3.2
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Strong versus Weak Cultures

Strong Cultures
Are cultures in which key values are deeply held and widely held. Have a strong influence on organizational members.

Factors Influencing the Strength of Culture

Size of the organization Age of the organization Rate of employee turnover

Strength of the original culture Clarity of cultural values and beliefs

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Benefits of a Strong Culture

Creates a stronger employee commitment to the organization. Aids in the recruitment and socialization of new employees. Fosters higher organizational performance by instilling and promoting employee initiative.

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311

Organizational Culture
Sources of Organizational Culture
The organizations founder
Vision

and mission

Past practices of the organization

The

way things have been done

The behavior of top management

Continuation of the Organizational Culture

Recruitment of like-minded employees who fit Socialization of new employees to help them adapt to the culture
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How an Organizations Culture Is Established and Maintained

Exhibit 3.4
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How Employees Learn Culture

Stories
Narratives of significant events or actions of people that convey the spirit of the organization

Rituals
Repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the values of the organization

Material Symbols
Physical assets distinguishing the organization

Language
Acronyms and jargon of terms, phrases, and word meanings specific to an organization
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How Culture Affects Managers

Cultural Constraints on Managers
Whatever managerial actions the organization recognizes as proper or improper on its behalf Whatever organizational activities the organization values and encourages The overall strength or weakness of the organizational culture

Simple rule for getting ahead in an organization:

Find out what the organization rewards and do those things.
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Managerial Decisions Affected by Character

Planning The degree of risk that plans should contain Whether plans should be developed by individuals or teams The degree of environmental scanning in which management will engage Organizing How much autonomy should be designed into employees jobs Whether tasks should be done by individuals or in teams The degree to which department managers interact with each other

Exhibit 3.5a
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Managerial Decisions Affected by Character

Leading The degree to which managers are concerned with increasing employee job satisfaction What leadership styles are appropriate Whether all disagreementseven constructive onesshould be eliminated Controlling Whether to impose external controls or to allow employees to control their own actions What criteria should be emphasized in employee performance evaluations What repercussions will occur from exceeding ones budget
Exhibit 3.5b
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Suggestions for Managers: Creating a More Ethical Culture

Be a visible role model. Communicate ethical expectations. Provide ethics training. Visibly reward ethical acts and punish unethical ones. Provide protective mechanisms so employees can discuss ethical dilemmas and report unethical behavior without fear.
Exhibit 3.6
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Organization Culture Issues

Creating an Ethical Culture
High in risk tolerance Low to moderate aggressiveness Focus on means as well as outcomes

Creating an Innovative Culture

Challenge and involvement Freedom Trust and openness Idea time Playfulness/humor Conflict resolution Debates Risk-taking
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Organization Culture Issues (contd)

Creating a Customer-Responsive Culture
Hiring the right type of employees (ones with a strong interest in serving customers) Having few rigid rules, procedures, and regulations Using widespread empowerment of employees Having good listening skills in relating to customers messages Providing role clarity to employees to reduce ambiguity and conflict and increase job satisfaction Having conscientious, caring employees willing to take initiative
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Spirituality and Organizational Culture

Workplace Spirituality
The recognition that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community.

Characteristics of a Spiritual Organization

Strong sense of purpose Focus on individual development Trust and openness

Employee empowerment
Toleration of employees expression
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Benefits of Spirituality
Improved employee productivity Reduction of employee turnover Stronger organizational performance Increased creativity Increased employee satisfaction Increased team performance Increased organizational performance

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Defining the External Environment

External Environment
The forces and institutions outside the organization that potentially can affect the organizations performance.

Components of the External Environment

Specific environment: external forces that have a direct and immediate impact on the organization. General environment: broad economic, sociocultural, political/legal, demographic, technological, and global conditions that may affect the organization.
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The External Environment

Exhibit 3.8
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Selected U.S. Legislation Affecting Business

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

Civil Rights Act of 1991

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 Child Safety Protection Act of 1994 U.S. Economic Espionage Act of 1996 Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act of 2000 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 3.9
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How the Environment Affects Managers

Environmental Uncertainty
The extent to which managers have knowledge of and are able to predict change their organizations external environment is affected by:
Complexity

of the environment: the number of components in an organizations external environment. of change in environmental components: how dynamic or stable the external environment is.

Degree

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Environmental Uncertainty Matrix

Exhibit 3.10
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Stakeholder Relationships
Stakeholders
Any constituencies in the organizations external environment that are affected by the organizations decisions and actions

Why Manage Stakeholder Relationships?

It can lead to improved organizational performance. Its the right thing to do given the interdependence of the organization and its external stakeholders.

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Managing Stakeholder Relationships

1. Identify the organizations external stakeholders. 2. Determine the particular interests and concerns of the external stakeholders.

3. Decide how critical each external stakeholder is to the organization.

4. Determine how to manage each individual external stakeholder relationship.

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Organizational Stakeholders

Exhibit 3.11
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