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Chapter 2-Work Effort, Production, and Consumption-The Economics of Robinson Crusoe Department of Economics College of Business and Economics California State University-Northridge Professor Kenneth Ng
Administrative Details
First Homework.
Due 2/14/2002 in class. Available on websiteng.csun.edu
1 hour
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9 units 12 units 15 units
Production Function: Relates Work Effort to Output. A Form of Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF).
y t f (lt )
The production function shows how much output (Y) will be produced by a household with a given amount of work effort (L) in a given time period (t).
Production Function: Relates Work Effort to Output. A Form of Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF).
y t f (lt )
Why is the production function upward sloping? As you work more you produce more.
The higher the PF for a given work effort, the higher the level of technology.
product of Labor: Given the amount a person is working how much extra output will a person get if he works one more hour. MPL = slope of production function Slope of Production Function = rise/run = change in output/change in labor. MPL equals how much more output a person will get if he works one more hour.
Change in Technology.
Suppose the state of technology improved. For instance suppose you took away a secretaries typewriter and gave her a personal computer with a laser printer. What would happen to the MPL or the slope of the production function.
Change in Technology.
What would happen to the MPL or the slope of the production function? The production function would shift upward. Not only would more output be produced at each level of work effort, but each additional unit of work would produce more additional output.
A B C
1 2 3
B
C D E
2 hours
3 hours 2 hours 2 hours
2
3 1 5
C
D E
3 hours
2 hours 2 hours
3
1 5
E must be preferred to B. B must be preferred to D. As you move to IC upward and the the left, you are getting happier or a moving to a more preferred combination of labor and consumption.
Consider the two people depicted in the graph. Which one is lazierblue or green? Answer the question first by simple inspection. At point B whose IC is steeper? What does the slope of the IC represent? The blue IC represents a lazier person because the slope of the IC is greater, the MRS is higher, and the amount of consumption needed to get the person to voluntarily work an additional hour is greater.
The MPL of labor is 1. That means if gives up 1 hour of leisure he would get one more unit of consumption.
The MRS of labor is 7. That means that you would have to give the person 7 units of consumption to get him to voluntarily give up 1 unit of leisure. Therefore, the value of leisure (MRS=7) is greater than the price of leisure (MPL=1) so the person would be better off consuming more leisure (less labor) and less consumption.
The person will try to get to the highest IC that has at least one point in common with his PF.
At point B in the graph the person is on the blue IC.
Each production function has two features position and slope. A change in the world can change either of these features individually or it may change them both simultaneously. When the position of the production function changes but its slope remains the same, the effect on the choice of leisure is called a wealth effect. In the graph, a given amount of labor produces more output but an additional unit of labor produces the same additional output on the blue and red production functions.
A parallel shift in the PF causes a positive wealth effect. The positive wealth effect can have different effects on work/leisure and output depending on the preferences of the workers, i.e. his ICs. Leisure is a normal good if a wealth increase causes an increase in leisure consumption. Leisure is an inferior good if a wealth increase causes a decrease in consumption.
Consider a person who starts out on the brown PF. He chooses the optimal combination of labor/leisure and consumption, i.e. the point on the PF which on the highest IC. Point A. Now suppose there is a change in the world and the persons PF shifts from brown to orange. What kind of shift is this? Parallel shift. If the point on the new PF is B, what has happened to the amount of leisure as he has gotten wealthier? Is leisure normal or inferior? If the point on the new PF is C, what has happened to the amount of leisure as he has gotten wealthier? Is leisure normal or inferior? How has the increase in wealth affected the persons standard of living?
Substitution Effects
A rotation of the PF causes a substitution effect. The substitution effect causes a shift in the optimal labor/leisure consumption bundle chosen by an individual. Consider the shift of the PF from blue to red.
What has happened to the MPL at work effort L? The person will adjust his work effort now that his MPL has increased. Moving from A to B, what has happened to GDP?
Summary
A parallel shift of the production function means a given level of work effort produces more output but additional work effort produces the same additional output (MPL stays the same). A parallel shift causes a wealth effect. A parallel shift can cause an increase or decrease in labor/leisure depending on whether a leisure is a normal or inferior good to a person. A rotation of the production function at a point means a given level of work effort produces the same output but additional work effort produces more additional output (MPL has changed). A rotation causes a substitution effect because the reward to work has increased. A rotation that increases the slope of the production function always causes a decrease in leisure, an increase in work effort, and an increase in output, consumption, and GDP.
A proportionate shift of the production function causes a change in slope (a rotation or change in MPL) and a change in the position for a given amount of labor.
Example: Every level of work effort produces 20% more output.
A proportionate shift of the production function causes a wealth and substitution effect. The overall effect of a proportionate shift in the PF depends on net effect of the substitution and wealth effects. The substitution effect causes work effort to increase. The wealth effect, if leisure is normal, causes work effort to decrease. The wealth effect, if leisure is inferior, causes work effort to increase.
Consider the change in the PF from blue to red. Is this a proportionate shift? Yes. Both slope and position at L are changing. The substitution effect is shown as the movement from A to B. The dotted red PF has the new slope but the same position as the solid red PF. Therefore it shows the effect of the change in slope (MPL) only. The income effect is shown as the movement from B to C. The movement from dashed red to solid red is a parallel shift in the PF. Therefore it shows only the wealth effect.
Can you depict a person for whom leisure is inferior? Is it possible for a proportionate shift in the PF causes a decrease in work effort (employment)?
In the graph at the left, the total change from the wealth and substitution effect (A to C) is a reduction in work effort.
The person is being paid a higher hourly rate but chooses to work fewer hours.
This is the result of the substitution effect, which increases work effort, and the wealth effect, which reduces work effort. The total effect is a reduction in work effort because the wealth effect overwhelms the substitution effect.
Changes in Preferences.
The slope of the indifference curve is the MRS between leisure and consumption. When the slope of an indifference curve increases, is leisure becoming more or less valuable? The steeper the IC, the greater the slope, the more valuable leisure is to the individual. If a person IC shifted from green to orange what would happen to the value of leisure? Explain. Leisure has become less valuable because the amount of consumption needed to get the person to voluntarily give up an hour of leisure has decreased.
How to use the production function and indifference curves to engage in economic analysis.
Identify change in the world. Proposed change in government policy Taxes and regulation. Natural events. Weather, war, etc. Does the change in the world affect the production function or indifference curves? Production Function. Wealth effect? Substitution Effect? Both? Net effect? Indifference curve Leisure more or less valuable? IC steeper or shallower? How does the shift in the PF or IC effect the equilibrium choice of labor/leisure and consumption? Does the tangency of the IC and PF occur at a higher or lower level of labor/leisure? Is the amount of goods produced at the new equilibrium higher or lower than before?
Example 2
Consider a worker in the a coal mine. OSHA promulgates a new worker safety rule that regulation that requires him to wear protective clothing. It takes an hour at the beginning and the end of his shift to don the protective clothing. What effect will this have on work effort? Assume that leisure is a normal good.
Example 2-Answer
The protective clothing doesnt effect the amount of output he produces in an hour, but for any work shift, because he has to put the protective suit on and off, he produces less total output. Therefore, the OSHA regulation causes parallel shift in the PF (red to blue). If leisure is a normal good, the OSHA regulation causes a negative wealth effect and a reduction in the amount of leisure.
Example (3)
Consider a single mother who has a child. What effect will this have on GDP and unemployment?
Example (3)-Answer
The birth of her child does not effect the PF. If she goes to work, she will get paid the same. The birth of her child effects the value of leisure (or non-work). Leisure is now more valuable. Slope of the IC (green) is steeper. Because leisure has become more valuable, the single mother consumes more leisure (A to B). Because she is working fewer hours, GDP has decreased and the unemployment rate will rise.
Example (1)
Consider a person who makes $24,000 a year before taxes, works 2000 hours a year and pays a 10% income tax. Two tax cut proposals are proposed. A cut in his income tax rate to 5%. A lump sum tax rebate of $1200. Draw the PF for both plans. Will the effect of these two tax cuts on GDP be the same? Explain and show graphically. Which plan is more likely to increase employment and reduce the unemployment rate? Turn in Tuesday. Will count as a homework.
Example 1-Answer
The red PF shows the reward to work before taxes. The blue PF shows the proportionate shift caused by the 10% income tax rate.
Example 1-Answer
The proportionate shift to the green PF shows the effect of the decrease in the income tax rate to 5%. The parallel shift to the purple PF shows the effect of the $1200 lump sum tax rebate. Under either tax plan, if the person continues to work the same hours (L) they will get the same output (B to C).
Example 1-Answer
The proportionate shift in the PF causes a change in the slope of the PF. The change in the slope or MPL will cause an increase in work effort, an increase in output and a reduction in unemployment.