HEAT TRANSFER OPERATIONS

General Heat Conduction Equation

Dr. Muhammad Rizwan
Assistant Professor
COMSATS
GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ:
For rectangular coordinates

It reduces to the following forms under specified conditions

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ:
Example 2.2 (Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer by Incropera ):

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ FOR CYLINDRICAL
COORDINATE SYSTEM:
Based upon basic energy balance equations

Figure: Differential control
volume, dr.dz.rd, for
conduction analysis in
cylindrical coordinates (r, , z).
After lengthy manipulations, we obtain

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ FOR CYLINDRICAL
COORDINATE SYSTEM:
Based upon basic energy balance equations

Figure: Differential control
volume, dr.rSind.rd, for
conduction analysis in
spherical coordinates (r, , ).
After lengthy manipulations, we obtain

HOME WORK:

Problem 2.23 (Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer by Incropera ):
The steady-state temperature distribution in a one dimensional wall
of thermal conductivity 50 W/m. K and thickness 50 mm is observed
to be T (C) = a + bx
2
, where a = 200 C, b = -2000 C/m
2
, and x is in
meters.
(a) What is the heat generation rate q in the wall?
(b) Determine the heat fluxes at the two wall faces. In what manner are
these heat fluxes related to the heat generation rate?
ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION:
One Dimensional Only one coordinate considered
Hence temperature gradient exists along only a single coordinate
direction.
At steady state conditions, temperature at each point is independent
to time.
One dimensional steady state models are simple but still provide
accurate representation of numerous engineering systems.
The objective is to determine expressions for the temp distribution
and heat transfer rate in common (planar, cylindrical and spherical)
geometries.


ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
THROUGH PLANE WALL:
Temperature is a function of the x coordinate only and hence heat is
transferred exclusively in this direction.

Figure: Heat transfer
through a plane wall (a)
Temperature distribution
(b) Equivalent thermal
circuit.

ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
THROUGH PLANE WALL:
Temperature distribution can be determined by solving the heat
equation.


Temperature Distribution
Steady state, no heat generation, one dimensional coordinates.
ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
THROUGH PLANE WALL:
Just as an electrical resistance is associated with the conduction of
electricity, a thermal resistance may be associated with the conduction of
heat.
Precisely, it is a ratio of driving potential to the corresponding transfer
rate.



Thermal Resistance
ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
THROUGH PLANE WALL:
Thermal resistance is also associated with the convection heat transfer.
Newtons law of cooling is:
Then thermal resistance for convection will be:

Thermal Resistance
ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
THROUGH PLANE WALL:
The Composite Wall
Figure: Equivalent thermal circuit for a series composite
wall
ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
THROUGH PLANE WALL:
The one dimensional heat transfer rate for this wall may be expressed as:

The Composite wall
Alternatively, the heat transfer rate can be related to the temperature
difference and resistance associated with each element:

ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
THROUGH PLANE WALL:
For composite systems it is often convenient to use overall heat transfer
coefficient, U:

The Composite wall
Where,

ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
THROUGH PLANE WALL:
Contact Resistance
Figure: Temperature drop due to the thermal contact resistance


Problem: A furnace is constructed with 0.2m of fire bricks, 0.1m of
insulated bricks and 0.2m of building bricks. The inside temperature
of the furnace is 1200 K and outside temperature is 330 K. If the
thermal conductivities are 1.4, 0.21, 0.7 W/m
2
.K, respectively,
Determine the heat loss per unit area and the temperature at the
junction of fire bricks and insulated bricks?
ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
THROUGH PLANE WALL:

Problem: A flat furnace wall is constructed of a 114mm layer of
silicon bricks with a thermal conductivity of 0.138 W/m.K backed by a
229mm layer of common bricks of thermal conductivity 1.38 W/m.K.
The temperature of the inner surface of the wall is 1033 K and that of
the outer surface is 349.6K.
1. What is the heat loss to the wall?
2. What is the temperature of the interface b/w refractory and
common bricks?
3. Supposing that the contact between the two bricks layer is poor
and that is contact resistance of 0.088 k.m
2
is present. What
would be the heat loss?
ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
THROUGH PLANE WALL: