WHAT SHOULD NOT YOU DO

IN A RESEARCH?
2
THIS IS WHAT WE CALL ETHICS
IN RESEARCH
Etika dan penyelidik

Penyelidik sebagai individu

bermula dan berakhir dengan penyelidik
penyelidikan yang BERetika takes longer to
complete, cost more money, is more
complicated, and is more likely to be
terminated before its completion.

Why unethical?
Pressure, gain prestige,
impress people and many
more.

Scientific misconduct

What is it?

Fraud and plagiarim.
Scientific misconduct occurs when a reseaRcher
falsifies or distorts the data or methods of data
collection or plagariaszes the work of others.

What is reseaRch fraud?
Fake or invent data that were not really collected
or falsely reports how reseaRch was conducted

Plagiarism? Steals the ideas
or writing of others or uses
them without citing the source
Power:

relationship between the researcher
and subjects oR assistAnt involve
power and trust. There should not be
abuse of power and trust by the
researcher on the subjects or
assistant
Etika berhubung subjek kajian

physical harm:

should not cause physical harm. Anticipate
risk before the conduct of research.
Screened high risk subjects if stress is
involved. Should accept moral and legal
responsibility for injury due to participation in
research and should terminate the project
immediately if yOu cant guarantee the
safety of the participants.
psychological abuse:

you may place people in stressful,
embarasSing, anxiety producing or
unpleasant situations. Should never
create unnecessary stress beyond the
minimal amount needed to create the
dEsired effect, stress that has no direct,
legitimate reseaRch purpose.KNowing the
minimal amount comes with experience
legal jeopardy:

Protecting subjects from increases risk of
arrest especially when you want to study
criminal Observing illegal behavior may be
central to a research project. If you supply
information to the authority, you violate
ethical standards regarding research
subjects and undermine future research.
Other harm to subjects:

Like asking to recall unpleasant
events. Negative effect on their
careers and incomes. Like you make
a study and found out the supervisors
performance are poor. As a result, he
may loose his job or get a pay cut.
Deception:

Never force anyone to participate and do not
lie unless it is required for legitimate research
reasons. Deception may increase mistrust
and diminish public respect.
Informed Consent:

A fundamental ethical principle of social
research is NEVER COERCE anyone to
participate. It should be voluntary. Subjects
should be explained so they can make
informed decisions
Content of informed consent

1. A brief description of purpose and
procedures or research including
expected duration of the study
2. A statement of any risk or discomfort
associated with participation
3. A guarantee of anonymity and the
confidentiality of records
4. The identification of the researcher and
of where to receive information about
subject rights or questions about the
study
5. A statement of participation is
completely voluntary and can be
terminated at anytime without
penalty
6. A statement of alternative
procedures that may be used
7. A statement of any benefits or
compensation provided to subjects
and the number of subjects
involved
8. An offer to provide a summary of
findings
Privacy, anonymity, and
confidentiality

Privacy: can be violated to a
minimal degree for a legitimate
research purpose. Protect the
information on research subjects
form public disclosure.
Anonymity:

Anonymity means subject remain
anonymous and nameless. Protect
privacy by not disclosing a
subjects identity after information
is gathered. Discard the name and
address as soon as you complete
data collection and refer the
subjects by code number. You
withheld the name.
Confidentiality:

Even if anonymity is not possible,
confidentiality should be protected.
Anonymity protects the identity of
specific individuals. Confidentiality
means keeping it secret from the
public. The information may have
names attached to it. The
information is not released
In a way that permits linking......
Etika dan komuniti saintifik

Basic principles of Ethical social Research
based on UN Declaration of Human Rights
1948 and 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.
1. Ethical responsibility rest with the
individual researcher
2. Do not exploit subjects or students for
personal gain
3. Some form of informed consent is highly
recommended or required
4. Honor all guarantee of privacy,
anonymity, confidentiality
5. Do not coerce or humiliate subjects
6. Use deception only if needed and always
accompany it with debriefing
7. Use research method that is appropriate
for the topic
8. Detect and remove undesirable
consequences to research subjects
9. Anticipate the repercussions of the
research or publication of results
10. Identify the sponsor who funded the
research
11. Cooperate with host nation when doing
comparative study
12. Release the details of the study design with
the results
13. Make the interpretation of results consistent
with the data
14. Use high methodological standards and
strive for accuracy
15. Do not conduct secret research
Etika and pembiayaan penyelidikan

you may be asked to compromise ethical or
professional research standards as a
condition of getting grants. What do you
do? You have 3 choices (1) loyalty to the
organization or larger group [cave in to the
sponsor] (2) exit from the situation [quit],
(3) voice opposition [whistle-blower]

Arriving at particular findings:

directly or indirectly you are asked
to come up with the desired
findings. What will you do?
Limit on how to conduct studies.

Can a sponsor limit research by defining what
can be studied or by limiting the techniques
used. Sponsors can legitimately set conditions
on research techniques used and limit cost of
research. But researcher must follow generally
accepted research methods. A researcher
should refuse to continue if he couldnt uphold
the generally accepted standards of research.
Suppressing findings

What happen if the findings
are against your sponsor?
Not uncommon in social
research. Negotiate
condition for releasing
findings prior to he start of
research. And if possible
sign a contract to that effect
What do you do with the findings?