INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

DEPARTMENT OF SILVICULTURE





ECOLOGY RESTORATION, SVK 611
(Exploration on Khaya anthoteca)

BY
PHILIP WORLANYO DUGBLEY (E451138231)

Lecturer:

Dr. Ir. Irdika Mansur, M.Sc


PRESENTATION OUTLINE



INTRODUCTION
Overview of Khaya Species
Classification
Brief description of Khaya anthoteca

CONSERVATION STATUS OF Khaya anthoteca

DISTRIBUTION
Origin of the species
Growth conditions

SILVICULTURE

POTENTIAL/IMPORTANT USES

INTRODUCTION
Khaya Africa a member of the Meliaceae family, is a
small genus with five species, three in tropical Africa and
two in Madagascar (Wiselius, 1998). Khaya species are tall
with cylindrical boles and fast growing in nature.

Species of Khaya
Khaya anthotheca (syn. K. nyasica)
Khaya grandifoliola
Khaya ivorensis
Khaya madagascariensis
Khaya senegalensis

The species name anthotheca is derived from the Greek
words anthos (flower) and theke for the case/container of
the flower.

Overview of Khaya Species
Scientific Classification
INTRODUCTION
Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum : Tracheophyta

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Sapindales

Family : Meliaceae

Genus : Khaya



Ref: Hawthorne, W. 1998. Khaya anthotheca. In:
IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded
on 23 April 2014.
INTRODUCTION
Brief description of Khaya anthoteca

K. anthotheca is one of the five
species in the Khaya genus known as
the source of true African mahogany.

It is a large or very large tree (up to
65 m tall) with a straight trunk that
occurs in rainforest, riparian forests,
and in savannah transitional zones.

Leaves are alternate, evenly
compound with 3-7 pairs of leaflets,
150-300 mm long and dark glossy
green, base broadly tapering to round
and slightly asymmetric, smooth and
glossy, veins distinct on the lower
surface, margin smooth.
INTRODUCTION
Khaya a.
in its
natural
habitat
INTRODUCTION
Khaya anthoteca.

Khaya
anthotheca.
A) Trees of c.
10 years
B) Leaves;
C) A fruiting
twig;
D) A dehiscent
fruit;
E) Seeds.
CONSERVATION STATUS OF KHAYA. A


Because of habitat loss and degradation,
along with selective cutting throughout its
range, K. anthotheca is listed as vulnerable on
the IUCN Red List. It has been proposed for
inclusion in CITES Appendix I or II, but not
enough is known about its regeneration,
plantation growth, or sustainability under
current practice.
DISTRIBUTION
Origin of the species
K. anthotheca is native to the
following countries. Namely;
Angola, Cameroon, The
Democratic Republic of Congo,
Cte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Liberia;
Malawi; Mozambique; Nigeria;
Sierra Leone; Tanzania, Uganda,
Zambia and Zimbabwe
It is widespread in Ghana within
the wet evergreen, moist
evergreen, and moist semi-
deciduous zones (Hawthorne and
Gyakari, 2006).
Growth conditions
Soil Requirements: Occurs at medium to low altitudes
in evergreen forests and riverine fringe forests. Prefers
moist, well-drained soils with subsoil moisture. K.
anthotheca is found on fertile alluvial soils, stable, gently
sloping riverbanks, and adjacent alluvial slopes.

Light Requirements: Moderately shade tolerant when
young and moderately intolerant when older.

Influential Factors: Normally resistant to termites.
Young trees are prone to damage from the shoot
borer Tragocephala variagata (Watkins, 1960). It is very
sensitive to fire and frost. Browsing animals can destroy
young plants or slow growth.
SILVICULTURE
Growth Factors: Fast growing used in intercropping
and for plantation purposes
Growth Cycle: A typical rotation is from 60 to 80 years.
The tree fruits from March to July and sometimes
later. K. anthotheca is reported to be insect pollinated.
Seed Treatments: It is reported that it is not possible to
dry and store K. anthotheca seed, due to short seed
viability. Storing seed for longer than 3 months is not
recommended. Pretreatment of the seed is not necessary.
Seeds per kg: 3000
Germination Length: 3-4 weeks
SILVICULTURE
Seedling Management: The tree regenerates well by seed
under a densely shaded canopy. When seedlings are grown
in small containers they should be out-planted when they
reach 30 cm and have fully developed compound leaves.
The root system is only slightly pruned off. Seedlings are
stripped of leaves before being transported to the planting
site to reduce transpiration losses (Nwoboshi, 1982).
Management Systems: Light shade is recommended,
possibly in a mixture with Melicia excelsa (Watkins
1960). K. anthotheca coppices poorly but it will coppice if it
is not too old when it is cut. It is sensitive to competition
from weeds and grass.
SILVICULTURE
Diseases and Pests
Plantations of Khaya anthotheca may suffer seriously from
Hypsipyla robusta shoot borers that kill the main stem of
young trees, causing excessive branching and contributing to
mortality.
Silvicultural techniques, such as overhead shading of
saplings, mixed planting and removal of lateral shoots, can
reduce damage by shoot borers.
Seeds are commonly attacked by seed-boring beetles and
eaten by small rodents.
Realistic rotation cycles in natural forest are probably in the
range of 6080 years.
HARVESTING
Yield and Harvesting
The minimum bole diameter for harvesting of Khaya
anthotheca trees in natural forest is 60 cm in Cte dIvoire,
80 cm in Cameroon, Central African Republic and DR
Congo, and 110 cm in Ghana. The boles are occasionally so
large that they cannot be sawn with normal equipment. The
high buttresses at the base of the bole often necessitate the
construction of a platform before felling can take place, or
the removal of the buttresses before felling to recover more
timber.
For plantations at an age of 30 years, the annual production
is 24 m/ha.
It is used in boat building, flooring,
furniture, decorative work, cabinetry,
window frames, plywood, and
musical instruments, among others.
In its natural range, it has
traditionally been used to make
dugout canoes and various parts of
the tree are very valuable in
traditional medicinal applications.
It is used as a shade tree and as a
windbreak.

POTENTIAL/IMPORTANT USES
THANK
YOU!!!