Introduction To Information and Computer Science: Internet and The World Wide Web

Introduction to Information and
Computer Science
Internet and the World Wide Web
Lecture a
This material (Comp4_Unit2a) was developed by Oregon Health and Science University, funded by the Department of Health
and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number
IU24OC000015
Learning Objectives
Define the Internet and how to connect to it (Lecture a
and b)
Define the World Wide Web and how to access it
(Lecture a and b)
Write effective search queries for Internet search
engines, filter the results, and evaluate credibility of
information (Lecture b)
Discuss security and privacy concerns on the Internet
(Lecture c)
Describe ethical issues for the Internet (Lecture c and d)
Explore online healthcare applications and associated
security and privacy issues including HIPAA (Lecture d)
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Health IT Workforce Curriculum
Version 3.0/Spring 2012
Introduction to Information and Computer Science
Lecture a
What is the Internet?
According to Wikipedia:
The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer networks that use
the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP)
to serve billions of users worldwide. (Wikipedia, 2010)
The hardware that makes up the Internet is
cabling, routers, switches, servers, and
computers that host documents, audio, video,
and others.
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Lecture a
What is the Internet (continued)
In other words, the Internet is a large network made up
of many smaller networks:
Computers connect to the Internet via an ISP (Internet
Service Provider) such as AT&T, Bell South,
CenturyLink, Verizon, and others

Visualization of the various
routes through a portion of
the Internet
From The Opte Project

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Lecture a
(The Opte Project , c 2007, CC BY 2.5).
The Origins of the Internet
The Internet has its roots in the US
Governments desire to still be able to
communicate, even in the event of a nuclear
strike.
ARPANET: Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network
The original Internet consisted of four computer
(servers) operating at UCLA; UC-SB; Stanford
(SRI International); and the Univ. of Utah in 1969
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Lecture a
The Internet Today
The world quickly saw its benefits and the
Internet continued to grow, especially in the mid-
1990s
In 1995, approximately 16 million people were using
the Internet
Today, more than 1.8 billion people use the Internet
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Lecture a
The Internet Spawns the World
Wide Web
They are not the same thing!
The WWW is often referred to as the Web
The Web is one of the services that runs on the Internet. It is a
collection of interconnected documents and other resources,
linked by hyperlinks and URLs.
A URL (uniform resource locator) is an address typed
into a browsers address line, such as
www.whitehouse.gov

7
Lecture a
Who Created the Web?
British scientist Tim Berners-Lee created the
WWW in 1989 by introducing a Web browser
and Web page coding
8
Lecture a
(Bojrs, U., 2005, CC BY 2.5)
How Does the Web Work?
A browser is a software program that lets the
user interact with the Web by facilitating
connection to other Web servers over the
Internet
The browser uses HTTP to communicate with
Web servers to get Web page content
The Web server sends HTML coding back to
the browser, which translates the HTML coding
for display on a monitor
9
Lecture a
HTML - The Language of the Web
Web pages are text files written in the HTML
programming language
HTML example for a simple Web page
10
Lecture a
2.1 Figure: Diagram of an HTML example for a simple Web page. (PD-US, 2010)
The Worlds First Web Server
This NeXT Computer was used by Sir Tim
Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's
first Web server
11
Lecture a
(User: CoolCeaser, 2005, CC BY 3.0)
Who Owns the Web?
No entity owns the Internet, but people and
organizations own the devices that connect to
the Internet and form the WWW
For example, Googles experience in China
(Wikipedia Web page entitled, Internet Censorship in the Peoples
Republic of China)
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Lecture a
Standardized Communications
Internet protocols are a global standard,
ensuring interoperability between hardware and
software devices
Protocols such as HTTP allow any browser to
talk to any Web server
TCP/IP transports HTTP across the Internet for
delivery to its destination
13
Lecture a
Internet Addressing Basics
All Internet communication uses IP addressing
The Internet expects each communicating
device (known as a host) to possess an Internet
Protocol (IP) address and subnet mask, which is
a group of numbers in the format of:
IP address: 192.168.10.1
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
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Lecture a
Internet Addressing Basics
(continued)
This host is in the 192.168.10.x network
This network can legally have addresses in the
range of 192.168.10.1 through 192.168.10.254
Networking devices and software use
192.168.10.0 and 192.168.10.255 for routing
and communication
Valid numbers are in the range of 0-255
15
Lecture a
How to Obtain an IP Address
Some IP addresses can be purchased or leased and
used by the owner of that IP address or IP address
range
Referred to as public IP addresses
Most IP addresses are public addresses
Other IP addresses can be used by anyone
Referred to as private IP addresses
Examples include 10.0.0.0, 172.16.31.0, and 192.168.0.0
IP addressing is beyond the scope of this unit
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Lecture a
Introducing Domain Names
The Internet supports the use of domain names
Imagine trying to navigate the Internet using IP
addresses and not names!
Since people remember names better than
numbers, the domain naming system (DNS)
was created
17
Lecture a
DNS & IP Work Well Together
DNS maps an IP address to a domain name
When you visit http://www.whitehouse.gov, your
computer must first figure out this Web sites IP
address
One IP address for this site is 65.126.84.121.
This Web site is probably associated with many
IP addresses
Domain name resolution is accomplished through
the use of DNS servers, which are located
throughout the world
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Lecture a
DNS & IP Work Well Together
(continued)
All domain names are mapped to an IP address and
stored on global and privately-owned DNS servers
Global DNS servers are known as root servers
and work together to map the globes names to their
IP addresses
When your browser learns the destination sites IP
address from the DNS server, communication
begins!
19
Lecture a
What is a Domain Name?
People and organizations can purchase a domain name
from ICANN
A domain name is an identification label that defines
a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or
control on the Internet, based on the Domain Name
System (DNS). (Wikipedia, 2010)
Domain names consist of three pieces:
The domain name, www.whitehouse.gov, indicates a
government site with the purchased domain name of
whitehouse, found on the WWW
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Lecture a
Connecting to the Internet
Devices commonly connect to the Internet via
dial-up, broadband, Wi-Fi, satellite, and 3G
Dial-upcopper phone lines connect to an ISPs
modem. Limited to a speed of 56 Kbps
The slowest connection type!
Broadbandhigher quality copper phone lines, coaxial
cable, or fiber optic connection type
Faster than dial-up and in the approximate range of 768
Kbps and higher
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Lecture a
(continued)
Wi-Fiwireless (radio frequency) connection
type.
Wi-Fi refers to the IEEE 802.11 standard governing
wireless technologies
Typically used to connect laptops to WAPs. The WAP
is connected to the wired network to gain access to
the Internet
Also used extensively by hotels and airports
Wireless speeds range from 1 Mbps to 200+ Mbps,
depending on a variety of factors
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Lecture a
(continued)
SatelliteConnection to a ground satellite dish (antennae)
and the satellite relays signals to a satellite orbiting the
earth. Then the orbiting satellite relays the signal to
another ground satellite dish
Can be somewhat slow because of the time it takes to
make a round trip. The loss of speed is known as
latency.
3G and 4G The 3rd and 4
th
Generation of standards
governing mobile telecommunications
Speeds range from 2 Mbps to 28 Mbps.
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Lecture a
Summary Lecture a
The Internet is a global system of interconnected
networks
The World Wide Web functions within the Internet and is
made up of HTML Web pages and linked documents,
which are stored on Web servers
Internet communications are standardized around the IP
protocol
An IP address can be leased from an ISP
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Lecture a
Summary Lecture a
The Internet relies on DNS to translate, or
resolve a domain name to an IP address
Computers connect to the Internet through the
services provided by ISPs
ISPs provide access to the Internet via dial-up,
broadband, Wi-Fi, satellite, and 3G connections
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Lecture a
References Lecture a
References
Barretto, M. The count reached 1 Billion Internet Users Worldwide. [Online]. 2009, January 27; [cited 10 July
2010]; Available from: http://lab.77agency.com/marketing-analysis/the-count-reached-1-billion-internet-users-
worldwide-1069/.
Domain name. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2010 July 10; [cited 12 July 2010]; Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name.
Evans A, Martin K, Poatsey MA. Chapter 1: Why Computers Matter to You. In: Technology in Action: Complete. 7th
ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 2010.
Internet. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2010 July 10; [cited 10 July 2010]; Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet.
Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2010 July 11;
[cited 12 July 2010]; Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.
Internet World Stats. Internet Usage Statistics. 2009 December 31; [cited 10 July 2010]; Available from:
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm.
Parsons JJ, Oja D. Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics. In: New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 2011:
Comprehensive. 13th ed. Boston: Course Technology; 2010.
Shelley GB, Vermaat ME. Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers. In: Discovering Computers 2011: Introductory.
1st ed. Boston: Course Technology; 2010.

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Lecture a
References Lecture a
References
Tim Berners-Lee. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2010 June 10; [cited 12 July 2010]; Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Tim_Berners-Lee.
Web search engine. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2010 July 11; [cited 12 July 2010]; Available
from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine.
World Wide Web. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2010 July 12; [cited 12 July 2010]; Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web.

Charts, Tables, Figures
2.1 Figure: Diagram of an HTML example for a simple Web page. (PD-US, 2010) .

Images
Slide 4: The Opte Project [image on the Internet]. The Opte Project (c2007). Accessed Jan 2012 from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg. Attribution 2.5 Generic (CC BY 2.5).
Slide 8: Tim Berners-Lee [image on the Internet]. (c2005). Accessed Jan 2012 from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Tim_Berners-Lee. Attribution 2.5 Generic (CC BY 2.0).
Slide 11: Photo of the Worlds First Web Server [image on the Internet]. User:Coolcaesar (c2005). Accessed Jan
2012 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Web_Server.jpg. Attribution 3.0 Generic (CC BY 3.0).

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