2011 Cengage Learning

Prepared by: Andrew Owusu Ph.D.

Chapter 2:
Psychological and Spiritual Well-Being
Chapter 2 Objectives
Identify the characteristics of
emotionally health persons
Name the two pillars of authentic
happiness.
Discuss some of the health benefits of
prayer.
Describe four ways that sleep affects
well-being.
Discuss some of the factors that may
lead to suicide, as well as strategies for
prevention.


Chapter 2 Objectives
List some of the symptoms of
depression and discuss the pros and
cons of using antidepressants.
Discuss some of the factors that may
lead to suicide, as well as strategies for
prevention.
Name the treatment options you will
consider if you have a mental health
problem, and describe the reason for
your choice.



Psychological Well-Being
Emotional
Health
Mental
Health
Our ability to perceive reality as it
is, to respond to its challenges,
and to develop rational
strategies for living.
The ability to express
and acknowledge ones
feelings and moods.
Culture
Brings people together, strengthen their bonds, reinforce the
values and beliefs they share, and provide a sense of
belonging, meaning, and purpose.
The Three Pillars of
Positive Psychology
Positive
Emotions
Positive Traits Positive
Institutions
Treatment is not
just fixing what is
broken, it is
nurturing
what is best
within ourselves.
Emotional Intelligence
Definition
A term used by some psychologists to
evaluate the capacity of people to understand
themselves and relate well to others.
Emotional Quotient (EQ)
The ability to monitor and use emotions to
guide thinking and actions.
High EQ = increased productivity at work and
happiness at home.
High EQ = decreased incidence of stress,
depression and anxiety, and quicker recovery from
serious illness.
The Lessons of Positive Psychology
Knowing Your Needs
The Maslow Pyramid
Self-actualization
Clarifying Your Values
Instrumental values
Terminal values
The Pursuit of Self-Esteem
Confidence and satisfaction in oneself
Self-
actualization
Fulfillment of
ones potential
Self-esteem
Respect for self,
respect for others
Love and affection
Ability to give and receive
affection; feeling of belonging
Safety-security
Ability to protect oneself from harm
Physiological needs
Fulfillment of needs for food, water,
shelter, sleep, sexual expression
The Maslow
Pyramid
Fig. 2-1, p. 32
Self-
actualization
Fulfillment of
ones potential
Self-esteem
Respect for self,
respected by others
Love and affection
Ability to give and receive
affection; feeling of belonging
Safety and security
Ability to protect oneself from harm
Physiological needs
Fulfillment of needs for food, water,
shelter, sleep, sexual expression
Stepped Art
Fig. 2-1, p. 32
Authentic Happiness
Two Pillars to
Authentic Happiness

I. Engagement with family,
work, or a passionate
pursuit and

II. Finding meaning from
some higher purpose

Factors
Affecting
Happiness

Humor

Genetics


Optimism

Love and Faith
Wealth, Health,
and Age
Life Events
Feeling in Control
Autonomy
Locus of Control
Assertion

Feeling in Control
Autonomy
The ability to draw on
internal resources;
independence from
familial and societal
influences.
Locus of Control
An individuals belief
about the source of
power and influence over
his or her life.
Internal vs. external locus
of control
Feeling in Control
Assertion
Behaving in a confident manner to make
your needs and desires clear to others in
non-hostile ways.
Use I Statements to explain your
feelings
Listen to and acknowledge others
Be direct and specific
Be assertive, not obnoxious
Connecting with Others
Connectedness vs.
social isolation
Face shyness and
social anxiety.
Join groups.
Participate in projects
or activities.
Surround yourself
with personal
acquaintances.
Spiritual Health
The ability to identify ones basic purpose
in life and to achieve ones full potential;
the sense of connectedness to a greater
power.
It gives a strong sense of purpose, values,
morals and ethics.
Individuals who pray regularly stay
healthier and live longer than those who
rarely or never do.
Spiritual Intelligence
The capacity to sense, understand, and
tap into the highest parts of ourselves,
others, and the world around us.
Focuses on the discovery of wisdom
within.
Prayer
Prayer may foster a state of
peace and calm that could
lead to beneficial changes
in the cardiovascular and
immune systems.
Membership in a faith
community provides an
identity as well as support.
Spirituality
Gratitude
Appreciation, not just for a special gift, but for
everything that makes life a bit better.
Forgiveness
To let go of all anger and pain that demand time
and waste energy.
Altruism
Acts of helping or giving to others without thought
of self-benefit.
What Happens When We Sleep?
Stage 1
A twilight zone between full wakefulness and sleep.
The brain produces small, irregular, rapid electrical waves.
Stage 2
Brain waves larger with occasional bursts of electrical activity.
Eyes unresponsive and bodily functions slow.
Stage 3 and 4
The most profound state of unconsciousness
The brain produces slower, larger waves.
Delta or slow-wave sleep.
REM sleep
Vivid dreaming
Brain waves resemble those of waking more than quiet sleep.

These stages are repeated four or five times a night.
How to Sleep Better
Aim for ~7-1/2 hours of sleep per night
Go to bed and wake up at the same time
each day.
Develop a sleep ritual.
Dont drink coffee late in the day.
Dont rely on alcohol to get to sleep.
Limit daytime naps if you sleep poorly at
night.
Fig. 2-2, p. 45
The Mentally
Well
Individual
What is a Mental Disorder?
A behavioral or
psychological syndrome
associated with distress
or disability with a
significantly increased
risk of suffering death,
pain, disability, or loss
of freedom.
Table 2-2, p. 48
Gender and Depression
Depression is twice as common in females
versus males, but male depression is an
under disease
under-discussed, under-recognized,
under-diagnosed, and under-treated.

Factors Contributing to Depression
Genes, brain chemistry, sex hormones,
childhood abuse, chronic stress, divorce, job
loss, or career setbacks.
Depressive Disorders
Minor Depression
Dysthymic Disorder
Major Depression
Bipolar Disorder
Major Depression
Characteristic Symptoms
Feeling depressed
Loss of interest
Eating more or less
Having trouble
sleeping
Feeling slowed down
Lack of energy
Feeling helpless
Difficulty
concentrating
Difficulty thinking
clearly
Persistent thoughts of
death
Withdrawal from
others
Headaches, digestive
problems, aches and
pains
Depressive Disorders
Treatments
Psychotherapy
Cognitive-behavior therapy
Interpersonal therapy

Medications
Antidepressants

Exercise

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Bipolar Disorder
Manic Depression
Characteristics
Mood swings that take
individuals from manic
states of feeling euphoric
and energetic to
depressive states of utter
despair.
Involves mood swings,
changes in thinking,
changes in behavior, and
changes in physical
condition.
Treatment
Mood-stabilizing
medications
Psychotherapy
Anxiety Disorders
Phobias
Panic Attacks and Panic Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
Phobias
Definition
An anxiety disorder masked
by an inordinate fear of an
object, a class of objects,
or a situation, resulting in
extreme avoidance
behaviors.

Common Phobias
Involve animals (dogs, snakes,
insects, and mice); sight of
blood; claustrophobia;
acrophobia; and
agoraphobia.
Treatment
Behavior therapy
including systematic
desensitization.
Anxiety Disorders
Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder
Panic Attack
A short episode
characterized by physical
sensations of
lightheadedness,
dizziness,
hyperventilation, and
numbness of extremities,
accompanied by an
inexplicable terror,
usually of a physical
disaster such as death.
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which
the apprehension or
experience of recurring
panic attacks is so
intense that normal
functioning is impaired.
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Definition
An anxiety disorder
characterized as chronic
distress.
Common Symptoms
Faster heart rate, sweating,
increased blood pressure,
muscle aches, intestinal
pains, irritability, sleep
problems, and difficulty
concentrating.
Treatment
Psychotherapy
Behavioral therapy
Anti-anxiety drugs
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Definition
An anxiety disorder
characterized by
obsessions and/or
compulsions that impair
ones ability to function and
form relationships.

Obsession
A recurring idea, thought, or
image.

Compulsion
Repetitive behavior performed
according to certain rules or
in a stereotyped fashion.

Treatment
Cognitive therapy
Behavioral therapy
Medications
Attention Disorders
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Definition
A spectrum of difficulties in
controlling motion and
sustaining attention,
including hyperactivity,
impulsivity, and distractibility.

Potential Complications
Academic difficulties, poor
concentration, difficulty
making decisions,
relationship difficulties, sleep
problems, increased risk of
depression, anxiety
disorders, and substance
abuse.
Treatments
Medications
Stimulants:
Ritalin
Nonstimulants:
Strattera
Psychotherapy
Schizophrenia
Symptoms
Hallucinations; delusions; inability to think in a logical manner;
talking in rambling or incoherent ways; making odd or
purposeless movements; mimicking gesture or words; showing
few, if any, emotions; lacking will or motivation; and functioning
at a much lower level.
Causes
Failure in brain development early in life and genetics.
Not due to upbringing, social conditions, or traumatic experience.
Treatment
Antipsychotic medications
Table 2-3, p. 56
What Leads to Suicide?
Mental Disorders
Antidepressant Medications
Substance Abuse
Hopelessness
Family History
Physical Illness
Brain Chemistry
Access to Guns
Life Crises
Suicide Prevention
Encourage your friend to
talk.
Dont offer trite
reassurances.
Suggest solutions or
alternatives to problems.
Dont be afraid to ask
whether your friend has
considered suicide.
Dont think that people
who talk about killing
themselves never carry
out their threat.
Types of Therapy
Psychodynamic
Psychotherapy
Cognitive-Behavioral
Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy
(IPT)
Psychiatric Drugs
Alternative Mind-Mood
Products
Surviving and Thriving
Recognize and express
your feelings.
Dont brood.
Take one step at a
time.
Spend more time doing
those activities you
know you do best.
Separate what you do,
especially any mistakes
you make, from who
you are.
Use affirmations.
List the things you
would like to have or
experience.
Dont dwell on the
negative.
Set a limit on self-pity.
Volunteer.
Exercise.