MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS
Third Edition
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. e!ol"
Le#ture Notes$
J. !alt Oler
Te%as Te#h &ni'ersit(
CHAPTER
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
9
Deflection of Beams
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9 - 2
Deflection of Beams
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
Equation of the Elastic Curve
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the Load Di...
taticall! "ndeterminate Beams
am#le $ro%lem 9.&
am#le $ro%lem 9.'
(ethod of u#er#osition
am#le $ro%lem 9.)
*##lication of u#er#osition to taticall! "ndeterminate ...
am#le $ro%lem 9.+
(oment-*rea Theorems
*##lication to Cantilever Beams and
Beams ,ith !mmetric ...
Bending (oment Diagrams %! $arts
am#le $ro%lem 9.&&
*##lication of (oment-*rea Theorems to
Beams ,ith Uns!mme...
(a-imum Deflection
Use of (oment-*rea Theorems ,ith
taticall! "ndeterminate...
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - '
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
.
/elationshi# %et0een %ending moment and
curvature for #ure %ending remains valid for
general transverse loadings.
I
! M 1 2 &

.
Cantilever %eam su%3ected to concentrated
load at the free end4
I
"!

&
.
Curvature varies linearl! 0ith !
.
*t the free end A4

A
A
#
#
4 5
&
.
*t the su##ort $4
"%
I
$
$

4 5
&
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - 6
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
.
7verhanging %eam
.
/eactions at A and C
.
Bending moment diagram
.
Curvature is 8ero at #oints 0here the %ending
moment is 8ero4 i.e.4 at each end and at .
I
! M 1 2 &

.
Beam is concave u#0ards 0here the %ending
moment is #ositive and concave do0n0ards
0here it is negative.
.
(a-imum curvature occurs 0here the moment
magnitude is a ma-imum.
.
*n equation for the %eam sha#e or elastic c&rve
is required to determine ma-imum deflection
and slo#e.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - 9
Equation of the Elastic Curve
.
From elementar! calculus4 sim#lified for %eam
#arameters4
2
2
2 '
2
2
2
&
&
d!
' d
d!
d'
d!
' d

1
1
]
1

,
_

.
u%stituting and integrating4
( )
( )
( )
2 &
5 5
&
5
2
2
&
C ! C d! ! M d! ' I
C d! ! M
d!
d'
I I
! M
d!
' d
I I
! !
!
+ +
+

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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9 - :
Equation of the Elastic Curve
( )
2 &
5 5
C ! C d! ! M d! ' I
! !
+ +

.
Constants are determined from %oundar!
conditions
.
Three cases for staticall! determinant %eams4
;
im#l! su##orted %eam
5 4 5
$ A
' '
;
7verhanging %eam
5 4 5
$ A
' '
;
Cantilever %eam
5 4 5
A A
'
.
(ore com#licated loadings require multi#le
integrals and a##lication of requirement for
continuit! of dis#lacement and slo#e.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - )
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the
Load Distriution
.
For a %eam su%3ected to a distri%uted load4
( ) ( ) ! w
d!
d(
d!
M d
! (
d!
dM

2
2
.
Equation for %eam dis#lacement %ecomes
( ) ! w
d!
' d
I
d!
M d

6
6
2
2
( ) ( )
6 '
2
2
2
&
'
&
:
&
C ! C ! C ! C
d! ! w d! d! d! ! ' I
+ + + +


.
"ntegrating four times !ields
.
Constants are determined from %oundar!
conditions.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - +
!taticall" #ndeterminate Beams
.
Consider %eam 0ith fi-ed su##ort at A and roller
su##ort at $.
.
From free-%od! diagram4 note that there are four
un<no0n reaction com#onents.
.
Conditions for static equili%rium !ield
5 5 5

A ' !
M ) )
The %eam is staticall! indeterminate.
( )
2 &
5 5
C ! C d! ! M d! ' I
! !
+ +

.
*lso have the %eam deflection equation4
0hich introduces t0o un<no0ns %ut #rovides
three additional equations from the %oundar!
conditions=
5 4 *t 5 5 4 5 *t ' % ! ' !
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - 9
!am$le Prolem %&'
ft 6 ft &9 <i#s 95
#si &5 29 in )2' :+ &6
: 6


a % "
I *
For #ortion A$ of the overhanging %eam4
2a1 derive the equation for the elastic
curve4 2+1 determine the ma-imum
deflection4
2c1 evaluate '
ma!
.
7LUT"7>=
.
Develo# an e-#ression for (2-1
and derive differential equation for
elastic curve.
.
"ntegrate differential equation t0ice
and a##l! %oundar! conditions to
o%tain elastic curve.
.
Locate #oint of 8ero slo#e or #oint
of ma-imum deflection.
.
Evaluate corres#onding ma-imum
deflection.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - &5
!am$le Prolem %&'
7LUT"7>=
.
Develo# an e-#ression for (2-1 and derive
differential equation for elastic curve.
-
/eactions=

,
_

+
%
a
" ,
%
"a
,
$ A
&
-
From the free-%od! diagram for section A-4
( ) % ! !
%
a
" M < < 5
!
%
a
"
d!
' d
I
2
2
-
The differential equation for the elastic
curve4
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - &&
!am$le Prolem %&'
"a% C % C %
%
a
" ' % !
C ' !
:
&
:
&
5 = 5 4 at
5 = 5 4 5 at
& &
'
2
+

.
"ntegrate differential equation t0ice and a##l!
%oundar! conditions to o%tain elastic curve.
2 &
'
&
2
:
&
2
&
C ! C !
%
a
" ' I
C !
%
a
"
d!
d'
I
+ +
+
!
%
a
"
d!
' d
I
2
2
1
1
]
1

,
_

' 2
: %
!
%
!
I
"a%
'
"a%! !
%
a
" ' I
%
!
I
"a%
d!
d'
"a% !
%
a
"
d!
d'
I
:
&
:
&
' &
: :
&
2
&
'
2
2
+
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
u%stituting4
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - &2
!am$le Prolem %&'
.
Locate #oint of 8ero slo#e or #oint
of ma-imum deflection.
1
1
]
1

,
_

' 2
: %
!
%
!
I
"a%
'
%
%
!
%
!
I
"a%
d!
d'
m
m
9)) . 5
'
' &
:
5
2

1
1
]
1

,
_

.
Evaluate corres#onding ma-imum
deflection.
( ) [ ]
'
2
ma-
9)) . 5 9)) . 5
:

I
"a%
'
I
"a%
'
:
5:62 . 5
2
ma-

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
6 :
2
ma-
in )2' #si &5 29 :
in &+5 in 6+ <i#s 95
5:62 . 5

'
in 2'+ . 5
ma-
'
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - &'
!am$le Prolem %&(
For the uniform %eam4 determine the
reaction at A4 derive the equation for
the elastic curve4 and determine the
slo#e at A. 2>ote that the %eam is
staticall! indeterminate to the first
degree1
7LUT"7>=
.
Develo# the differential equation for
the elastic curve 20ill %e functionall!
de#endent on the reaction at A1.
.
"ntegrate t0ice and a##l! %oundar!
conditions to solve for reaction at A
and to o%tain the elastic curve.
.
Evaluate the slo#e at A.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - &6
!am$le Prolem %&(
.
Consider moment acting at section -4
%
! w
! , M
M
!
%
! w
! ,
M
A
A
-
:
5
' 2
&
5
'
5
2
5

,
_

%
! w
! , M
d!
' d
I
A
:
'
5
2
2

.
The differential equation for the elastic
curve4
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - &9
!am$le Prolem %&(
%
! w
! , M
d!
' d
I
A
:
'
5
2
2

.
"ntegrate t0ice
2 &
9
5
'
&
6
5
2
&25 :
&
26 2
&
C ! C
%
! w
! , ' I
C
%
! w
! , I
d!
d'
I
A
A
+ +
+
.
*##l! %oundar! conditions=
5
&25 :
&
= 5 4 at
5
26 2
&
= 5 4 at
5 = 5 4 5 at
2 &
6
5
'
&
'
5
2
2
+ +
+

C % C
% w
% , ' % !
C
% w
% , % !
C ' !
A
A

.
olve for reaction at A
5
'5
&
'
&
6
5
'
% w % ,
A
% w ,
A 5
&5
&
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - &:
!am$le Prolem %&(
! % w
%
! w
! % w ' I

,
_

,
_

'
5
9
5
'
5
&25
&
&25 &5
&
:
&
( ) ! % ! % !
I%
w
'
6 ' 2 9
5
2
&25
+
. u%stitute for C
&
4 C
2
4 and /
*
in the
elastic curve equation4
( )
6 2 2 6
5
: 9
&25
% ! % !
I%
w
d!
d'
+
I
% w
A
&25
'
5

.
Differentiate once to find the slo#e4
at ! ? 54
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - &)
)ethod of !u$er$osition
$rinci#le of u#er#osition=
.
Deformations of %eams su%3ected to
com%inations of loadings ma! %e
o%tained as the linear com%ination of
the deformations from the individual
loadings
.
$rocedure is facilitated %! ta%les of
solutions for common t!#es of
loadings and su##orts.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - &+
!am$le Prolem %&*
For the %eam and loading sho0n4
determine the slo#e and deflection at
#oint $.
7LUT"7>=
u#er#ose the deformations due to %oading I and %oading II as sho0n.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - &9
!am$le Prolem %&*
%oading I
( )
I
w%
I
$
:
'
( )
I
w%
'
I
$
+
6

%oading II
( )
I
w%
II
C
6+
'
( )
I
w%
'
II
C
&2+
6

"n %eam segment CB4 the %ending moment is

8ero and the elastic curve is a straight line.
( ) ( )
I
w%
II
C
II
$
6+
'

( )
I
w% %
I
w%
I
w%
'
II
$
'+6
)
2 6+ &2+
6 ' 6

,
_

+
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - 25
!am$le Prolem %&*
( ) ( )
I
w%
I
w%
II
$
I
$ $
6+ :
' '
+ +
( ) ( )
I
w%
I
w%
' ' '
II
$
I
$ $
'+6
)
+
6 6
+ +
I
w%
$
6+
)
'

I
w%
'
$
'+6
6&
6

Com%ine the t0o solutions4

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - 2&
A$$lication of !u$er$osition to !taticall"
#ndeterminate Beams
.
(ethod of su#er#osition ma! %e
a##lied to determine the reactions at
the su##orts of staticall! indeterminate
%eams.
.
Designate one of the reactions as
redundant and eliminate or modif!
the su##ort.
.
Determine the %eam deformation
0ithout the redundant su##ort.
.
Treat the redundant reaction as an
un<no0n load 0hich4 together 0ith
the other loads4 must #roduce
deformations com#ati%le 0ith the
original su##orts.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - 22
!am$le Prolem %&+
For the uniform %eam and loading sho0n4
determine the reaction at each su##ort and
the slo#e at end A.
7LUT"7>=
.
/elease the @redundantA su##ort at B4 and find deformation.
.
*##l! reaction at $ as an un<no0n load to force 8ero dis#lacement at $.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - 2'
!am$le Prolem %&+
.
Distri%uted Loading=
( )
I
w%
% % % % %
I
w
'
w
$
6
'
' 6
5&&'2 . 5
'
2
'
2
2
'
2
26

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

.
/edundant /eaction Loading=
( )
I
% , %
%
I%
,
'
$ $
,
$
' 2 2
5&:6: . 5
' '
2
'

,
_

,
_

. For com#ati%ilit! 0ith original su##orts4 '

$
? 5
( ) ( )
I
% ,
I
w%
' '
$
,
$
w
$
' 6
5&:6: . 5 5&&'2 . 5 5 + +
w% ,
$
:++ . 5
.
From statics4
w% , w% ,
C A
56&' . 5 2)& . 5
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9 - 26
!am$le Prolem %&+
( )
I
w%
I
w%
w
A
' '
56&:) . 5
26

( )
I
w% %
%
%
I%
w%
,
A
'
2
2
5''9+ . 5
' ' :
5:++ . 5

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

( ) ( )
I
w%
I
w%
,
A
w
A A
' '
5''9+ . 5 56&:) . 5 + +
I
w%
A
'
55):9 . 5
lo#e at end A4
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9 - 29
)oment,Area Theorems
.
Beometric #ro#erties of the elastic curve can
%e used to determine deflection and slo#e.
.
Consider a %eam su%3ected to ar%itrar! loading4
.
)irst Moment-Area Theorem=
area under .M/I0 diagram %et0een
C and -.

C -

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9 - 2:
)oment,Area Theorems
.
1econd Moment-Area Theorem=
The tangential deviation of C 0ith res#ect to -
is equal to the first moment 0ith res#ect to a
vertical a-is through C of the area under the
2M/I1 diagram %et0een C and -.
.
Tangents to the elastic curve at " and "2 interce#t
a segment of length dt on the vertical through C.
? tangential deviation of C
0ith res#ect to -
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9 - 2)
A$$lication to Cantilever Beams and Beams -ith
!"mmetric Loadings
.
Cantilever %eam - elect tangent at A as the
reference.
.
im#l! su##orted4 s!mmetricall! loaded
%eam - select tangent at C as the reference.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - 2+
Bending )oment Diagrams " Parts
.
Determination of the change of slo#e and the
tangential deviation is sim#lified if the effect of
each load is evaluated se#aratel!.
.
Construct a se#arate 2M/I1 diagram for each
load.
- The change of slo#e4
-/C
4 is o%tained %!
adding the areas under the diagrams.
- The tangential deviation4 t
-/C
is o%tained %!
adding the first moments of the areas 0ith
res#ect to a vertical a-is through D.
.
Bending moment diagram constructed from
individual loads is said to %e drawn +' parts.
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9 - 29
!am$le Prolem %&''
For the #rismatic %eam sho0n4 determine
the slo#e and deflection at .
7LUT"7>=
.
Determine the reactions at su##orts.
.
Construct shear4 %ending moment and
2M/I1 diagrams.
.
Ta<ing the tangent at C as the
reference4 evaluate the slo#e and
tangential deviations at .
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - '5
!am$le Prolem %&''
7LUT"7>=
.
Determine the reactions at su##orts.
wa , ,
- $

.
Construct shear4 %ending moment and
2M/I1 diagrams.
( )
I
wa
a
I
wa
A
I
% wa %
I
wa
A
: 2 '
&
6 2 2
' 2
2
2 2
&

,
_

,
_

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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9 - '&
!am$le Prolem %&''
.
lo#e at E=
I
wa
I
% wa
A A
C C C
: 6
' 2
2 &
+
+
( ) a %
I
wa

2 '
&2
2
+
1
1
]
1

1
1
]
1

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+

I
% wa
I
wa
I
% wa
I
% wa
%
A
a
A
%
a A
t t '
C - C
&: + &: 6
6 6
'
6
2 2 6 2 2 '
& 2 &
( ) a %
I
wa
'

+ 2
+
'
.
Deflection at E=
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
T
h
i
r
d
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer ) Johnston ) e!ol"
9 - '2
A$$lication of )oment,Area Theorems to Beams
-ith Uns"mmetric Loadings
. Define reference tangent at su##ort A. Evaluate
A

%! determining the tangential deviation at $ 0ith
res#ect to A.
.
The slo#e at other #oints is found 0ith res#ect to
reference tangent.
A - A -
+
.
The deflection at - is found from the tangential
deviation at -.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
T
h
i
r
d
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer ) Johnston ) e!ol"
9 - ''
)a.imum Deflection
.
(a-imum deflection occurs at #oint 3
0here the tangent is hori8ontal.
.
$oint 3 ma! %e determined %! measuring
an area under the 2M/I1 diagram equal
to -
A
.
. 7%tain '
ma!
%! com#uting the first
moment 0ith res#ect to the vertical a-is
through A of the area %et0een A and 3.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
T
h
i
r
d
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer ) Johnston ) e!ol"
9 - '6
Use of )oment,Area Theorems -ith !taticall"
#ndeterminate Beams
.
/eactions at su##orts of staticall! indeterminate
%eams are found %! designating a redundant
constraint and treating it as an un<no0n load 0hich
satisfies a dis#lacement com#ati%ilit! requirement.
.
The 2M/I1 diagram is dra0n %! #arts. The
resulting tangential deviations are su#er#osed and
related %! the com#ati%ilit! requirement.
.
,ith reactions determined4 the slo#e and deflection
are found from the moment-area method.